1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paulsen, Friedrich

PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH (1846-1908), German philosopher and educationalist, was born at Langenhorn (Schleswig) and educated at Erlangen, Bonn and Berlin, where he became extraordinary professor of philosophy and pedagogy in 1878. In 1896 he succeeded Eduard Zeller as professor of moral philosophy at Berlin. He died on the 14th of August 1908. He was the greatest of the pupils of G. T. Fechner, to whose doctrine of panpsychism he gave great prominence by his Einleitung in die Philosophie (1892; 7th ed., 1900; Eng. trans., 1895). He went, however, considerably beyond Fechner in attempting to give an epistemological account of our knowledge of the psychophysical. Admitting Kant's hypothesis that by inner sense we are conscious of mental states only, he holds that this consciousness constitutes a knowledge of the “thing-in-itself” — which Kant denies. Soul is, therefore, a practical reality which Paulsen, with Schopenhauer, regards as known by the act of “will.” But this “will” is neither rational desire, unconscious irrational will, nor conscious intelligent will, but an instinct, a “will to live” (Zielstrebigkeit), of ten subconscious, pursuing ends, indeed, but without reasoning as to means. This conception of will, though consistent and convenient to the main thesis, must be rigidly distinguished from the ordinary significance of will, i.e. rational desire. Paulsen is almost better known for his educational writings than as a pure philosopher. His German Education, Past and Present (Eng. trans., by I. Lorenz, 1907) is a work of great value.

Among his other works are: Versuch einer Entwickelunggeschichte d. Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie (Leipzig, 1875); Im. Kant (1898, 1899); “Gründung Organization und Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitäten im Mittelalter” (in Sybel's Histor. Zeitschr. vol. xlv. 1881); Gesch. d. gelehrten Unterrichts auf d. deutschen Schulen und Universitäten (1885, 1896); System der Ethik (1889, 1899; Eng. trans. [partial] 1899); Das Realgymnasium u. d. humanist. Bildung (1889); Kant d. Philos. d. Protestantismus (1899); Schopenhauer, Hamlet u. Mephistopheles (1900); Philosophia militans (1900, 1901); Parteipolitik u. Moral (1900).