spiritual needs, he turned towards Buddhism and Taoism; however, in 1056 his mind was so much influenced by the discourses of his nephews, Ch'êng Hao and Ch'êng I, that he returned home to continue his more legitimate studies, and in the following year graduated as chin shih. After holding various appointments, he retired in ill-health, and lived quietly in the country, dividing his time between study and instruction. About 1068 he was recalled to the capital; but his tenure of office was of short duration. He retired in disgust that his advice was not taken by Wang An-shih, and died on his way home. His chief work was the 正蒙, containing his theories as to the origin of the universe, and notes on Buddhist and Taoist doctrines. He also wrote the inscriptions on moral sentiment known as 東銘 and 西銘, from the positions they occupied in his study. He was ennobled as Earl, and canonised as 明; and in 1241 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
118 Chang Tsao 張璪 or 張藻 (T. 文通) A famous artist of the T'ang dynasty, especially good at trees, rocks, and landscape. He used the worn-out stump of a brush, or his finger, to rub on the ink; and he is said to have been able to handle two of these at the same time, with one depicting the living, with the other the dead branches and leaves. Author of the 繪境言畫要訣.
119 Chang Tsu 張祖. (T. 太伯). Died A.D. 355. Son of Chang Chün. He deposed and put to death his nephew 張曜靈 Chang Yao-ling, the son and legal successor to Chang Ch'ung-hua, and usurped the Imperial title. His outrageous cruelty led to his murder by one of his kinsmen.
120 Chang Tsu 張鷟 (T. 文成). 7th cent. A.D. A native of Chihli and a scholar of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated in 679 when quite a youth. He rose to be a Censor; but his love of criticising all and sundry was constantly getting him into trouble.
