Syntactical Rules for Relative and Corrective . . 193 142
Agreement of Relative and Antecedent . . . 194 142
An Adverb sometimes used as a Relative . . . 195 144
(4) The Interrogative Pronouns . . 145
TTsed either as Substantives or Adjectives . . 196 145
Used in indirect as well as direct questions . . 197 146
(5) The Indefinite Pronouns . . . 198 146
JTo,» used sometimes with Plural Nouns . . . 199 147
(6) The Reflexive Pronoun—ap.
Used in a variety of ways .... 200 148
CHAPTER VIII.—Syntax Of The Verr.
The Infinitive or Gerund. . 201 150
In the Genitive Absolute—how used . . . 202 151
In the Dative-Accusative—how used . . . 203 151
The uninflected Infinitive used for Imperative . . 204 151
„ as a Gerundive .... 205 152
The Noun Of Agency
A cross between Noun and Verb .... 206 153
Variously constructed ..... 207 153
Persian Nouns of Agency and Verbal-Adjectives . . 208 154
Participles.
Past and Present Participle . . . . 209 154
The Adverbial Participle . . . . .210 156
New Theory on the Subject . . . . 211 156
Tested and illustrated by examples . . .212 157
Past Participles of Transitive Verbs not always Passive . 213 159
Mua, added to Participles variously construed . . 214 161
The repetition of Participles . . . .215 161
Participles used descriptively . . . .216 162
Past Participles either Active or Passive . . .217 163 Para. Paob
The Perfect Participle used for Infinitive . . 218 163
,, „ used as an Abstract Substantive . 219 163
The Subject of the Adverbial Participle . . .220 163
The Object of those Participles . . . .221 164
The Past Conjunctive Participle.
Its uses in a Sentence ..... 222 164
Rules and Remarks as to its use .... 223 165
Compared with the idiom of Western tongues . . 224 167
The Indicative Mood.
I.—Past Tenses . . . . .225 167
Peculiar construction of Urdu Past Tenses . . 226 167
(1) The Pluperfect.
Ordinary meaning of the Tense .... 227 169
Sometimes used for Past Indefinite, and vice versd . 228 169
,, the Past Conditional . . . 229 169
(2) The Past Indefinite.
Its ordinary meaning and construction . . .230 170
Sometimes used conditionally .... 231 170
(3) The Past Imperfect.
Its usual meaning and form .... 232 171
Another way of forming it .... 233 171
The Auxiliary sometimes omitted or redundant . . 234 171
II.—Present Tenses.
(1) The Proximate or Present Perfect.
What it denotes, and how formed . . . 235 172
How idiomatically used occasionally . . . 236 172
(2) The Present Indefinite or Aorist.
How and when used, in general .... 237 173
Peculiar forma and uses ..... 238 174
Para. Page
(3) The Present Imperfect or Continuous.
Its meaning and formation .... 239 174
The change of form or omission of Auxiliary . . 240 175
The Historical Present and Proximate Future . . 241 175
III.—Future Tenses.
(1) The Future Perfect.
What it is used to denote, etc. . . . . 242 176
(2) The Future Indefinite.
How formed and how used, etc. .... 243 177
(3) The Future Imperfect.
"What this Tense generaUy denotes . . .244 178
The Imperative Mood.
(1) Ordinary Present, (2) Precative, (3) Respectful Future 245 178
The Imperative in prohibition . . . . 246 179
Used for the Aorist, and vice versd . . . 247 179
The Subjunctive or Conditional Mood.
The Pluperfect Tense—How formed and used . . 248 180
The Past Indefinite— „ „ . . 249 181
The Present Subjunctive— ,, ,, . . 250 181
The Passive Voice.
Not much used in Urdu . . . . .251 183
The Agent—How expressed with Passives . . 252 183
Used impersonally . . . . 253 184
Causal Verbs.
Illustration of their use and construction . . . 254 184
Para. Page
Compound Verbs.
The various sorts recapitulated .... 255 185
Syntactical construction of (1) Intensives . . . 256 186
Ditto of (2) Potentials, and (3) Completives . . 257 186
„ (4) Frequentatives, and (5) Desideratives . 258 187
„ (6) Inceptives, (7) Permissives, and (8) Acquisitives 259 188
,, (9) Another form of Desideratives . . 260 189
„ (10) Staticals 261 189
,, (11) Continuatives, and (12) Reiteratives . . 262 189
Nominal Verbs—Syntax of .... 263 190
Irregular order and questionable nomenclature . . 264 191
Construction in Past Participle Tenses . . . 265 192
Particles.
1. Adverbs . . . . . . 266 192
2. Prepositions and Postpositions .... 267 194
3. Conjunctions ...... 268 196
Idioms.
The ' Oratio Recta' . . . .. 269 197
Idiomatic uses of certain Verbs .... 270 198
Appendix.
The Mohammedan Calendar .... 201
The Hindu Calendar ..... 204
The following misprints were, from unavoidable circumstances, not discovered till the work had passed through the Press. (The Student is advised to correct them at once before commencing the Grammar; and any other palpable misprints he may meet with as he goes through it.)
7, line 22, for digg read diqq.
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10 16 H 16 17 19
euphemism, syllable ta. marddn.
euphony
letter t
marddn
zandn
an
right hand ,, 32 awwal
,, 15 tughka
,, 18 aharik
„ 10 han?
,, 11 kise
,, 15 we dp
„ 22 hain?
„ 5 'added to it' „ 19 'a writer' „ 16 (or ham) ,, 5 for chhiitnd (first) ,, 3 before bahasnd ,, 9 for third „ 7, 8 „ 'eaten' „ ,, 'to drink up' ,, 24 for ka( ,, 9 after 'breath' ,, 5 for nah „ 10 Idzu
,, 14 lihu-za
,, 5 bush
„ 9 kheif
„ 1 kih
,, 17 gfiulni
„ 7, 8 after 'guzra,' and 'me,' delete ? ,, 2-t for t fiord sd read tfiore se.
,, 10 „ 'and' read 'etc.'; delete 'etc.' after 'property.' note * after and hai read ' you must come here.' line 12 for Gerundive read Gerund. ,, 32 delete period (.) after 'designate.' footnote, after pith insert dikhai. line 15 for dekhde read dekhai.
„ 20 ,, 'Masculine' „ Number. „ 12 ,, 'them' „ 'thee.'
„ 13 after'but' insert 'they.'
left hand.
should precede ' firstly.'
tujhka.
gharlb.
hai?
kisl.
we kjiud.
hai.
transpose to after karke.
to be deleted.
should come after karne wdld.
chhutnd.
delete ' and.'
second.
drunk.
move to line 8.
kdt.
add ' or deceit.'
na.
bazu.
lihazd.
bash.
haif.
kih.
ghutne.
