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and partly enslaved. On the other hand, there is no warrant for asserting that Canaanites who lived in or near the walled cities were thrown into bondage. For in the course of a few years, as we shall see more fully below, the free Canaanites and the free Israelites accepted each other's presence and intermarried (Judg. 3:5, etc.). At present, however, our main concern is with the distribution of all social groups in the land in the period of settlement that followed the invasion.
North of the plain the newcomers met the same fortune as did the Manassites, for "Zebulun drove not out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Naholol; but the Canaanites dwelt among them" (Judg. 1 130). To the same effect, we are told that the clan of Asher, which also located north of the plain, did not drive out the inhabitants of the seven Canaanite cities Acco, Sidon, Ahlab, Achzib, Helbah, Aphik, and Rehob; "But the Asherites dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land, for they did not drive them out" (Judg. 1 131 f.). Likewise, the clan of Naphtali, which also located in the same district, "drove not out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, nor the inhabitants of Beth-anath; but he dwelt among the Canaan- ites" (Judg. 1:33).
Turning southward from the plain we find that the power- ful clan of Ephraim succeeded in establishing itself in the hill- country just below the possessions acquired by Manasseh. But it had no better success than the other clans in reducing the fortified cities of the Canaanites. For we read that "Ephraim drove not out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer; but the Canaanites dwelt in Gezer among them" (Judg. i :2g). Other strongholds in this region, that were not taken, were the four cities of the Gibeonite confederacy. Their names are Gibeon, Kiriath-jearim, Beeroth, and Chephirah. No mention of them is made in Judges; but the Book of Joshua attempts to explain their survival in Canaanite hands as the result of a treaty with Israel obtained by deception on the part of the Gibeonites (Josh., chap. 9). It is not clear why they are not mentioned in Judges; but in II Sam., chap. 21, Gibeon appears as a city whose inhabit- ants are of alien descent even in the times of Saul and David. In
