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work, to make derivative works including dramatizations and motion pictures, and to perform or display the work publicly. Even the rights to reproduce and distribute copies are not lost in cases of violation, although they are limited as against certain infringers.
Subsection (d) provides a complete defense in any civil action or criminal proceeding for infringement of the exclusive rights of reproduction or distribution of copies where, under certain circumstances, the defendent proves violation of the manufacturing requirements. The defense is limited to infringement of the “nondramatic literary material comprised in the work and any other parts of the work in which the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute copies are owned by the same person who owns such exclusive rights in the nondramatic literary material”. This means, for example, that the owner of copyright in photographs or illustrations published in a book copyrighted by someone else would not be deprived of his rights against an infringer who proves that there had been a violation of section 601.
Section 601(d) places the full burden for proving violation on the infringer. His defense must be based on proof that: (1) copies in violation of section 601 have been imported or publicly distributed in the United States “by or with the authority” of the copyright owner; and (2) that the infringing copies complied with the manufacturing requirements; and (3) that the infringement began before an authorized edition complying with the requirements had been registered. The third of these clauses of subsection (d) means, in effect, that a copyright owner can reinstate his full exclusive rights by manufacturing an edition in the United States and making registration for it.
Subsection (e) requires the plaintiff in any infringement action involving publishing rights in material subject to the manufacturing clause to identify the manufacturers of the copies in his complaint. Correspondingly section 409 would require the manufacturers to be identified in applications for registration covering published works subject to the requirements of section 601.
SECTION 602. INFRINGING IMPORTATION
Scope of the section
Section 602, which has nothing to do with the manufacturing requirements of section 601, details with two separate situations: importation of “piratical” articles (that is, copies or phonorecords made without any authorization of the copyright owner), and unauthorized importation of copies or phonorecords that were lawfully made. The general approach of section 602 is to make unauthorized importation an act of infringement in both cases, but to permit the Bureau of Customs to prohibit importation only of “piratical” articles.
Section 602(a) first states the general rule that unauthorized importation is an infringement merely if the copies or phonorecords “have been acquired abroad,” but then enumerates three specific exceptions: (1) importation under the authority or for the use of a governmental body, but not including material for use in schools or audiovisual material for any purpose other than archival use; (2) importation for the private use of the importer of no more than one
