| BeTí. | Daughter. |
| QuSúr, m. | Fault. |
| NahíN. | Not, no. |
| Na. | Not. |
| Hú,á, m., & hú,í, f. | Became (past tense of honá "to be" and "to become"). |
LESSON 2.
(a) The difference between hotá hai "is, is becoming" and hai "is, exists" is that hotá hai indicates (1) what is habitually happening as : Roz roz (or har roz) is trúp meN jhagRá hotá hai" there are always, or daily, quarrels in this troop ;" GarmiyoN meN is nadí men pání páyáb hotá hai" this river is fordable throughout the hot season;" but substitute hai and the meaning is "This river is fordable now." Continuous action, however, without a break, is expressed by rahtá hai ; as, Is nadí meN pání páyáb rahtá hai" this river is fordable throughout the year;" (2) present action as: Abhí bárish hotí hai "it is now raining;" (3) a general truth as : GhaRí meN do sú,iyáN hotí haiN" watches have two hands;" whereas hai indicates a particular thing or existence, as: Yúrap ke rahne-wále gore hote haiN (not haiN) "Europeans are fair;" but merá bhá,í gorá hai "my brother is fair;" Chaukí meN chár pá,e hote haiN (not haiN) "chairs have four legs;" but Is chaukí meN páNch pá,e haiN (not hote haiN) "this chair has five legs;" KHudá hai "there is a God; God exists;" Wuh daraKHt ab tak hai "that tree still exists."
Note. Ma'lúm hai "it is known ;" ma'lúm hotá, hai "it appears, it seems."
(b) Thá signifies "was" at a particular moment; hú,á signifies "became." The English "was" has often to be ren-
