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NATURAL (Cy.l.)— Natural Ufiary. The natural hficr 1 } only of any one particular pjace, is a fubjecf- very extenfive in its materials, and to be fet about without great care and cir- cumfpection. Mr. Boyle has favoured the world with a lift of the heads under which to arrange things, and what to en- quire after on fuch an occalion.
The general heads under which he comprehends the articles of -this hiftory, are four; the things which regard the heavens, the air, the waters, and the earth.
Of the firft clafs are the longitude and latitude of the place ; the length of the longeft and fliorteft days and nights ; the cli- mates, parallels, &c. what fixed f'rars are feen, and what are not feen there-
About the air may be obferv'd, its temperature, as to the firft four qualities, and the meafure of them ; its weight, clear- ing, refraflive power ; its fubtlety or coarfenefs ; its abound-
ing
~:<h or warimg an eftiruv, hit its variations according to
the feafons of the year, and the times of the day : what dura- tion the fevera! kinds of weather ufually have: what meteors it is moft or leaft apt to breed ; and in what order they are ge- nerated, and how long they generally laft: what winds it is rnoft fubject to ; whether any of them be ftated or ordinary : what difeafes are faid to be epidemical, or depending on the flate and condition of the air : what other difeafe it is fubject to, wherein the air may he fuppofed to have fomefhare: what is the ufuai falubrity and infalubrity of it, and what forts of confHtutions it agreeswith, what it does not. About the waters, itmay be proper to oblerve the fea, its depth, tides, currents, faknefs, and other qualities : next, the rivers will come under confederation, their depth, length, courfe, inundation, and the goodnefs or badnefs of their waters, with their gravity, and other peculiar qualities. After thefe, the lakes, Iprings, ponds, &c. are to be confidered, efpecially the mineral waters, their kinds, qualities and virtues, and the manner of trying them. The inhabitants of the waters may follow here ; and the particular kinds of fiih. that are found there, whether of the fea or rivers, are to be mentioned, with an account of their itores, bignefs, goodnefs, feafons of pcr- feciion, haunts, peculiarities of any kind relating to them, and the manner of taking them, efpecially when there is any thing lingular in it.
'I he things relating to the earth, are laft to be examined : thefe are, firft the earth itfelf, then its inhabitants, and its various produelions, whether external or internal, [n the earth itfelf may be obferved, its dimehfions, fituation caff, weft, north andfouth; its figure; its plains and valleys, their extent; its hills and mountains, and the height of the talleft, bo;h in re- ference to the neighbouring valleys and plains, and to the le- vel of the fea ; as alfo whether the mountains lie fcattered, or arc difpofed in ridges ; and if of the latter kind, whether they run eaft, weft, north, or fouth. What promontories alfo, and what firey or fmoaking hills it has, if any : whether the coun- try be coherent, or much broken into iflands : what the mag- nctical declination is in feveral places, and the variation of that declination in the fame place, and if thofe be confiderable; what may be conjectured as the occafions of them, whether the vicinity of iron-mines, of fubterranean fires, or what elfe. What the nature of the foil is, whether clayey, fandy, or of good mold ; and what vegetables, plants and trees belt agree with it and fucceed in it, what worft. By what particular contrivances the inhabitants improve the advantages, or reme- dy the difadvantages of the foil ; and what hidden qualities the foil may have. The inhabitants of the earth are then to be confidered, both natives, and ftrangers that have been long fettled there ; "and in particular, their ftature, colour, fea- tures, ftrength, agility, or defcas of thefe; and their com- plexions, hair, beauty, and the like ; their diet, inclinations and culbms, fo far as they are not owing to education : the fruitfulnefs or barrennefs of the women ; their hard or' eafy liuours : the difeafes they are moft fubject to, and any remark- able fymptoms attending them
As to the external productions of the earth, the enquiries are '° be ™ c <? : wh "t grades, grains and fruit it belt produces : the herbs, flowers, and timber trees ; and the coppices, groves, iorcits and woods the country has or wants : what peculiarities arc obfervable m any of them; what foils they moft like or dlllike, and with what culture they thrive beft. Then what animals the country has or wants, both as to wild beafts and birds of prey, and as to poultry and cattle of all forts; and particularly, if they have any animals that are not common, or any thing particular in thofe that have. After thofe, the lubterranean ftores are to be examined; what minerals the earth affords, and what it wants : then what quarries of ftone, and in what manner they lie : what clays and earths are found Were; as, clays, marles, fullcr's-earths, earths for tobacco- P'pes, earth for potter's wares, medicinal earths : what other mineral produelions it yields, whether coals, fait mines, or ■an Iprings, a] um , vitriol, fulphur, &c. What metals the .h.TP'.l ' T 1 * * dcrcri P<">n of the mines of them; heir depths, numbers, fituations, figns, waters, damps, quali- ties of ores goodnefs of the ctes^and the ways in ufe for the reducing them to metals. '
Jo thefe general heads mould be added, inquiries into traditi-
™ J™ vZ n \7: of any thing rdatin s to h ' wl i ether
peculiar to it; or Only more common there than elfewnefei and where thefe require learning or (kill in the anfwerer; the utmoft care is to be taken to put the people in a way to give their accounts in a fatisfa£tory manner; for a falfe or ' bad account of any thing is always much worCe than no ac- count at all. Phil. Tranf. N 3 u.
Natural in mufic, is applied to a fong, the notes whereof move eafily and gracefully, giving the performer as little trou- ble as poffible ; as when it is not carried too high, or funk too low, whereby the voice or inftrument is in no wife forced or (trained. Vid. Broff. Muf. Difl. in voc.
Natural harmony, is that produced by the natural and effcntial chords of the mode. SeeMoDE.
Natural note, is ufed in oppofition to (harp and flat notes, which are called artificial. See Note and Scale. The natural note =Sj is ufed to contradict thofe flats and fbarps that are fet at the beginning of a ftafF; and, in fuch cafe, you muft take the natural note as it is in the gamut.
Natural mific, muftea naturak, among die Italians, is ufed to fignify mufic formed by the organs of the human voice, un- affifted by inftruments or other artifices. Natural mufic is more peculiarly ufed to denote a fong that pro-
xr ^fH" l he mmral order of the notes » without flats°or fharps.
NATURALIZATION (Cycl.) - Bv our ftatutes, foreign pro- teltants are naturalizedby redding feven years in theBritifli colonies in America. 1 3 Geo. II. c. 7.
NAVAGIUM, in our old writers, a duty incumbent on tenants to carry their lord's goods in a fhip. Liberifmt, ab mm car- nagio, navagio, &c. Blount.
NAVALIA, among the Romans, were docks or ports where (hips ufed to be laid up after building
Navalia likewife fignificd the wharfs or keys at Rome, where the (hips ufed to load and unload their goods, all which were near the Sublinan bridge. Pitifc. in voc.
NAUCR NRI, N„„-«« e „, among the Athenians, a deflation given tothech.efmagiftratesof the V', boroughs or\own- ihips, which were likewife called ,,»„,„,, becaufe each of them were obliged, befides two horfemen, to furnifh out one ihip for the public fervice. Pott. Archxol. Gnec. 1 , c ,,
r 1. p. 78 -j*
NAVE (C^-Nave of awheel is that (hort thick piece in the center of the wheel, which receives the end of the axle- tree and in which the ends of the fpokes are fiwd • it is bound at each end with hoops of iron, called the nave-band, - it has likewife m each end of the hole, thro' which the end of the axletree goes, a ring of iron called the wijher, which, laves the hole of the nave from wearing too bi»
NAVEL (Qr/.) Navel-//^. It is a nre'thod univerfally received by prudent furgeons and midwives, to make an exaft ligature upon the umbilical cord or navel-firing of the new- born infant, left it ihould bleed to death thro' the veffels which cornpofe it. This ligature is to be made, as foon as the infant and after-burthen are delivered, with aftrong thread of about an ell long, folded together four times; and having made a knot at one end, it is then to be puffed twice round The navel- firwg, at about two or three fingers breadth from the abdo- men and afterwards tied with a double knot : this done, the cord leading to the placenta may be divided with a pair of fc,flars ^ below the ligature, and the wounded part belonging to the infant dreffed with lint, after which it may be left to the nurfe till it becomes dry, and falls off of itfelf There have been inftances of fomc children receiving no harm from the cutting the navel-firing without the ceremony of the ligature ; but as there have alfo been too many inftances of their dying by the omiliion, and as the operation is fo eafy, the midwife is unpardonable who omits it. Heifer's Surgery,
Dr. Schulze contradifls the common opinion concerning the umbilical veffels : he endeavours to prove, that the navel is not formed by the ligature which the midwives make, or by animals gnawing the navel-firing of their young with their teeth, but by nature; and that the umbilical vefleis feparate fpontaneoufly, or with very little force, from the interior fur- face of the (kin ; after which, the umbilical veffels within the young creature's body contract and flirivel, their extremity by which they adhered to the navel becoming black and pointed as if they had been burnt, and at laft difappear altogether : for' fays he, what are commonly defcribed as thefe veffels changed' into ligaments, are no other than the fheaths in which they were formerly contained. From this doadne he concludes' that it is unneceffary to make any ligature upon the navel-lirinr after birth. ' J &
In confirmation of this, Dr. Eller relates feveral inftances of the navel firings of children being left untied after they were cut, without being attended with any haemorrhage, or other bad confequence. Commerc. Norimb. 1735. Hebd 4S. §.2.
Mr Mofiro is of opinion, that the fcetus in viviparous ani- mals receives its nutrition from the umbilical veffels alone See Foetus.
It has b een obferved, that in blowing into the placenta by the umbilical veffels, the air and the blood were eafily forced out of it, by that furface of the pi cenra which is affixed to the . uterus ; but that they could by no means be driven out at the B b other
