STY
STYLOflYOlD-ffUS, a fmall flcfhy mufcle, lying obliquely between the apophysis ftyloides, and os hyoides. It is fixed laterally by one extremity to the root, or bafts of the apophyfis ftyloides, and by the other to the os hy- oides, at the place Where the balls and cornu unite, and likewife to the cornu itfelf, from whence it has been called ftylo-ceratc-hycidceus. The fleihy fibres of this extremity are often parted, and indole the middle tendon of the di- gaftricus. Winflows Anatomy, p. 255. Stylohyoidjeus mvus t a name given by Santorini to j fmall mufcle of the os hyoides, called by Albinus fiylohyoi daus alter, and by Douglafs ftylochondrohyoidaus. See the articles Mouth and Os hyoides. STYMMATA, a word ufed by fome authors to exprefs the ftiff ointments. The antients ufed the word both for their more folid and ft iff ointments, and for the ingredients which gave thofe ointments that confiftence : they alfo called by the fame name the feveral fweet ingredients which they put into their ointments, to give them a fragrancy, and preferve them from corruption ; fuch were the powders of fpikenard, mint, amomum, and the feveral fpices. STYMPHALIA, Xrv^aMa^ in antiquity, a feftival at Stym- phalus in Arcadia, in honour of Diana, called from that place Stympbalia. Potter, Archsol. Grsec. Tom. I. p. 431. STYMPHALIDES aves, in fabulous antiquity, birds of an extraordinary fize, which in their flight are faid to obfeure the fun. They fed only on human flefh; but Hercules, by the help of Minerva, drove them out of Arcadia by the noife of cymbals. Danet. in voc. STYPTIC {Cycl.)— Styptic powder of Helvetius, m phar- macy, a compofition of alum and dragon's blood. In the Edinburgh difpenfatory, two parts of alum are directed to be made into powder with one of the dragon's blood : others ufe equal parts of both. See Med. EfT. Edinb. Vol. 4. Art. 7.
This medicine is faid to be extremely ferviceable in uterine hemorrhages, either to correct the too frequent return of the menfes, or their too great abundance ; alfo to ftop the flooding, to which women with child are fubject, and to moderate the flow of the lochia. It has alfo been found to have furprifmg good effects in the fluor albus. In violent bleedings it may be given in the quantity of half a drachm every half hour, and it feldom fails of flopping the bleeding before three drachms, or half an ounce has been taken. See Medic. EfT. ibid.
Heifter alfo, in his Compendium Medicinae Pra<£ticae, p. 143. recommends this powder, or alum alone, with a decoction of lin-feed, from Helvetius Traite des pertes de fang. Eato??$ Styptic, a medicine famous for curing frefh wounds in a very fmall time, and immediately flopping their bleed- ing.
The method of curing frefh wounds in a few days without fuppuration, where neither nerves, large veflels, bones, nor any of the vifcera are concerned, has been a practice lone ago ufed.
Purman, a famous furgeon of Breflaw, in his Chirurgia Cu- riofa, tells us of a mountebank who gave himfelf thirteen wounds by inc'ilion in the upper part of his left arm, and applying bis noftrum with a common roller, the wounds were all well in twodays : and both this author, and Blegny, mention what they call a martial ftyptic, which cures wounds in two days, efpecially if the patient take alfo a few drops of it inwardly.
The French were a long time very fond of a ftyptic ball made of filings of iron and tartar, mixed to a confiftence with French brandy, which was afterwards published by Helvetius, and from him has been generally known by the name of Hchetius's, ftyptic. This was extolled with us as one of the gtcateft medicines in the world for the cure of wounds, bruifes, and external injuries of all forts : hut the author never faid fo much about it ; he only modeftly intro- duced it into the world as an ufeful thing for a firft drefling of frefh wounds with people who lived too far off for the immediate afliftance of a furgeon : and he mentions feveral cafes, in which it ought not to be ufed. In fine, he pub- lifhed it as a good medicine under proper reftrictions ; but we made it an univerfal one. The only univerfal remedy of this kind, that we have had recommended by the author as fuch, is the famous ftyptic of Dr. Eaton, which the in- ventor fays, is good to ftop all manner of bleeding both without and within, without any manner of exception. Sir Richard Blackmore, foon after the publication of this
freat fecret, wrote a treatife on confumptkms, in which he ighly extols this ftyptic of Dr. Eaton, declaring pofitivi^ly, that it will be of more fervice to the world than all the dis- coveries that had been made before it. On this Dr. Spren- gel, who had before examined Eaton's, ftyptic, and judged it to be no other than that of Helvetius ; which, after hav- ing been tried and difcarded in France, Germany, and Holland, had been fet on foot as an univerfal medicine here, thought it worthy a more ftricT: and public examinati- on, and ordering an apothecary of credit to prepare him fome of Helvetia's ftyptic in the common way, he pro- duced before a judicious audience a bottle of that, and an-
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other of Baton's ftyptic ; and giving them both the fame trial, they both anfwered in the fame manner, and proved, beyond all poffibility of doubt, that they were in effefl the fame medicine.
The fame trials were made by feveral other chemifts, phyfi- cians, and apothecaries ; and the event proving the fame in all, it appeared wonderful that a man, who had a mind to fell a known medicine under the notion of a fecret, mould not have had the caution to alter or difguife it either in tafte, fmell, or colour; which he might very ealily have done, without at all impairing its virtues as a medicine. The ufual method of trying a ftyptic is upon the crural ar- tery of a dog cut open for that purpofe. In this manner the ftyptic of Helvetius and Eaton were both tried, and both anfwered very well ; and plain French brandy being alfo tried, had the fame fuccefs ; whence it appeared, that there was no very great virtue in either, more than the heat of the fpirit, which forcibly conftringed the fibres : and when we confider the fmallnefs of the crural artery in a dog, we (hall not wonder that a trifle flops the bleeding of it, fince, with a bit of dry lint, or even with no application at all, the bleeding will ftop of itfelf, without any hurt to the ani- mal. By this, and by the common experiments made upon this ftyptic on other occafions, its external virtues appear to be very trilling. Internally, however, it is a much worfe medicine. It is too often given in natural hsemor- rhages ; and in all thefe cafes, as there is a ftimulation and fevenfh difpofition, which gives occafion to the bleeding, it is certain that any thing, of the nature of brandy and a chalybeate, mull add to it, inftead of curing it. Upon the whole, the virtues of thefe ftyplics externally are too trifling to be trufted to ; and internally too precarious to meddle with, without the greateft caution. Philof. Tranf. N» 587. p. no. J '
STYRAX (Cycl. )— Styeax, the ftorax-tret, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe. The flower confifts of one leaf, and is of the funnel-fa- fhioned kind, and divided into many fegments at the edges. The piftil arifes from the cup, and is fixed, in the manner of a nail, into the hinder part of the flower : this finally becomes a roundifh, or flelhy fruit, containing one or two, kernels, in which are foft feeds.
There is only one known fpecies of this tree, which is tha common, or quince- leaved fterax-tree. Toimi.lnft- p. 598. See the article StoRAX. SUBARMALE, among the Romans, a coarfe and thick kind of cafibek worn by the foldiers under their arms, in order to keep them from being hurt with their weight. Pilifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. SUBBUTEO, in zoology, the name of a bird of the hawk kind, called in Engliih the ringtail; the male of which iy called the hen-barrier. Some authors give it the name of pygargus aaipiter. Ray's Ornithol. p. 40. See the articles Ringtail and Hen-harrier. SUBCLAVIUS, a fmall oblong mufcle, lying between th« clavicle and firft rib. It is fixed by one end in all the mid- dle lower portion of the clavicle, at the diftance of about ah inch from each extremity ; and by the other in the carti- lage, and a fmall part of the bone of the firft rib. It feems likewife to adhere to the extremity of the clavicle, next the fternum, by a kind of broad thin ligament. Winflotu's Anatomy, p. 177. SUBCOSTALES. Thefe mufcles are flefliy planes of dif- ferent breadths, and very thin, fituated more or lefs ob- liquely on the infide of the ribs near their bony angles, and running in the fame direction with the external intercoftals. They are fixed by other extremities in the ribs, the inferior extremity being always at a greater diftance from the ver- tebrae than the fuperior, and feveral ribs lying between the two infertions. Thefe mufcles are more fenfible in the lower ribs than in the upper, and they adhere clofely to the ribs that lie between their infertions. Winflow's Anatomy, P- 233- SUBDUPLICATE ratio of any two quantities, is the ratio of
their fquare roots. See Ratio. SUBER, the cori-tra, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the charaflers of which are thefe. The fruit and flowers are the fame with thofe of the ilex, but the bark of the tree is thick, fungous, and light.
There are two fpecies of this tree. 1. The evergreen broad-leaved cork- tree. 2. The cork-tree with narrow" and not ferrated leaves. Town. Inft. p. 584. SUBETH, the word ufed by the Arabian writers to exprefs a carus.
Subeth fabala, a term ufed by the Arabian writers to exprefs a coma vigil.
SUBFRON TALIS futura, a name given by fome anatomical writers to the future, by which the os frontis is connected with the bones of the fuperior jaw.
SUBJECT (C>/.V_Subject, in the manege. To keep a horfe fuijefi, is an cxpreffion relating to volts ; fignifying, to keep the croupe of the horfe in the round, fo that it may not flip out ; that he may not traverfe s and that he may
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