3 vols. 1841; and the Camden Society’s volume on ‘Manchester’s Quarrel with Cromwell’ will be found most useful. The scantiness of the ‘Domestic State Papers’ of this period is in part supplied by private collections, among which the Tanner, Carte, and Clarendon MS. in the Bodleian Library, and by the papers calendared in the reports of the Commission on Historical Manuscripts, of which the Lowndes and Verney MSS., and the papers of the Dukes of Sutherland and Manchester, are the most valuable. The journals of the two houses of parliament the great collection of pamphlets and newspapers in the British Museum are now and throughout indispensable. A volume of extracts from newspapers relating to Cromwell was published in 1810 under the title of ‘Cromwelliana,’ but except for the Protectorate the collection is very incomplete. Volumes vi. vii. of Rushworth’s, ‘Collection,’ supplemented by the papers printed in the ‘Old Parliamentary History’ (24 vols. 1751–1762), illustrate Cromwell’s conduct in 1647–8. The ‘Memoirs’ of Denzil Holles (1699) and Berkeley (1702), the ‘Vindication’ of Sir William Waller (1793), the ‘Narrative and Vindication of John Ashburnham published by Lord Ashburnham in 1830, Walker’s ‘History of Independency,’ parts i. ii., 1648–9, and the pamphlets of Lilburn, Wildman, and other leaders of the levellers supply useful but partial and hostile evidence. Major Huntingdon’s charges Cromwell, and the narratives of Holles and Berkeley are reprinted in the ‘Select Tracts relating to the Civil Wars in England,’ published by Maseres in 1815. A small volume of letters to and from Colonel Hammond, which contains. several of Cromwell’s letters, was published by Birch in 1764. The Memorials of Whitelocke and the Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow become now of greater importance for Cromwell’s personal history. and from 1648 his own letters are less scanty. His share in the first portion of the campaign of 1648 is illustrated by J. R. Phillips, ‘The Civil War in Wales and the Welsh Marches,’ 2 vols. 1874; while Burnet’s ‘Lives of the Dukes of Hamilton,’ 1673, and the ‘Memoirs’ of Captain Hodgson (1806), and Sir James Turner (Bannatyne Club, 1829) describe their campaign against the Scots. Cromwell’s Irish expedition may be followed in the ‘Contemporary History of Affairs in Ireland 1641–52,’ edited by Mr. J. T. Gilbert (3 vols. 1879–80), in Carte’s ‘Life of Ormonde’ (3 vols. 1735–6), and the papers collected by him, and in Murphy’s ‘Cromwell in Ireland’ (1883); while its results are described in Prendergast’s ‘Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland’ (2nd ed. 1875). For the second Scotch war Sir James Balfour’s ‘Brief Memorials and Passages of Church and State’ (Works, vols. iii. iv. 1825), ‘The Journal of Sir Edward Walker’ (Historical Collections, 1707, p. 155), and Baillie’s ‘Letters’ are of value; while for both Scotch and Irish wars the Tanner MSS. and the newspapers of the time are exceptionally valuable from the amount of official correspondence they contain. A number of newspaper letters relating to the Scotch war are printed in Scott’s edition of the ‘Memoirs’ of Captain Hodgson (1806), and Cary’s ‘Memorials of the Civil Wars’ consists exclusively of letters from the Tanner MSS. The volume entitled ‘Original Letters and Papers of State addressed to Oliver Cromwell,’ published by John Nicholls in 1743 (often called the ‘Milton State Papers’), consists largely of papers referring to the Scotch war. Bisset’s ‘History of the Commonwealth of England’ (2 vols. 1864–7) covers the years 1649–53, and is based on the Domestic State Papers. The Calendars of the Domestic State Papers, now extending from 1649 to 1660. form the groundwork of the history of Cromwell’s administration. Materials for an account of his relations with his parliaments are supplied by the ‘Journals of the House of Commons,’ the ‘Diary of Thomas Burton’ (4 vols. 1828), and the ‘Old Parliamentary History’ (24 vols. 1751–62). His legislation is contained in the ‘Collection of Proclamations and Ordinances’ published in 1654, and in Henry Scobell’s ‘Collection of Acts and Ordinances (1656). A number of pamphlets relating to the protectorate are reprinted in the ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ and in the sixth volume of the ‘Somers Tracts’ (ed. 1809). Owing to the increasing severity of the censorship the newspapers are for this period of much less value. The ‘Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow’ (1751) and the ‘Life of Colonel Hutchinson’ (2 vols. 1806) give the views of the republican opposition; Baxter’s ‘Life’ those of the presbyterians (‘Reliquiæ Baxterianæ,’ 1696); Clarendon’s ‘History of the Rebellion’ (7 vols. 1849); the ‘Clarendon State Papers’ (3 vols. 1767–86), and the calendars of those papers (3 vols. 1872–6) supply an account of the views and intrigues of the royalists. ‘Thurloe State Papers’ consist chiefly of documents relating to Cromwell’s police, to, the government of Ireland and Scotland, and contain also the greater part of the correspondence of Cromwell’s foreign office. To these must be added, for the study of the Protector’s foreign policy, the letters of state written by Milton in Cromwell’s name, which are to be found in most editions of his prose works, and the volume of ‘Original Papers, illustrative of the life of Milton,’ published by the Camden Society in 1859. The histories of Guizot and Ranks are specially valuable for this subject, and there are also numerous monographs dealing with Cromwell’s relations with special European powers. Among these may be named Bourelly’s ‘Cromwell et Mazarin’ (1886); Berchet’s ‘Cromwell e la Repubblica di Venezia,’ 1864; Vreede`s ‘Nederland en Cromwell,’ 1853. Two of Cromwell’s ambassadors to Sweden have left relations of their missions; Whitelocke, ‘Embassy to Sweden,’ 2 vols. ed. by Reeve, 1855, and Meadows, ‘Narrative of the Principal Actions in the War between Sweden and Denmark before and after the Roschild Treaty.’ 1677. His relations with Switzerland and the Vaudois
