an academician, that he produced his first great picture, ‘Eyemouth Harbour,’ and this he rapidly followed up with other works of high quality which established his reputation as one of the greatest masters of landscape-painting in Scotland. Among these were a ‘View on the Meuse,’ ‘A Fresh Breeze,’ ‘River Scene and Shipping, Holland,’ ‘Dutch Market Boats,’ ‘French Fishing Luggers,’ ‘Whitby, Yorkshire,’ and ‘Hartlepool Harbour.’ He also painted in water-colours, usually working on light brown crayon paper, and using body-colour freely. He practised also at one time very successfully as a teacher of art. The only picture which he contributed to a London exhibition was a ‘View of the Port and Fortifications of Callao, and Capture of the Spanish frigate Esmeralda,’ at the Royal Academy in 1836. The characteristics of his art are those of what may be termed the old school of Scottish landscape-painting. This was not so realistic in detail as the modern school, but was perhaps wider in its grasp, and strove to give impressions of nature rather than the literal truth. In 1858 Crawford left Edinburgh and settled at Lasswade, but he continued to contribute regularly to the annual exhibitions of the Academy till 1877, maintaining to the last the high position he had gained early in life. He was at one time a keen sportsman with both rod and gun. He died at Lasswade 27 Sept. 1885, after having for many years suffered much and lived in the closest retirement. He was buried in the new cemetery at Dalkeith. A ‘Coast Scene, North Berwick,’ and ‘Close Hauled; crossing the Bar,’ by him, are in the National Gallery of Scotland.
[Annual Report of the Council of the Royal Scottish Academy, 1885; Catalogues of the Exhibition of the Royal Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland; Catalogues of the Exhibition of the Royal Scottish Academy, 1831–77; Scotsman, 3 Oct. 1885; Edinburgh Courant, 28 Sept. 1885.]
CRAWFORD, JOHN (1816–1873), Scottish poet, was born at Greenock in 1816 in the same apartment in which his cousin, Mary Campbell, the ‘Highland Mary’ of Burns's song, had died thirty years previously. He learned the trade of a house-painter, and in his eighteenth year removed to Alloa, where he died 13 Dec. 1873. In 1850 he published ‘Doric Lays, being Snatches of Song and Ballad,’ which met with high encomiums from Lord Jeffrey. In 1860 a second volume of ‘Doric Lays’ appeared. At the time of his death he was engaged on a history of the town of Alloa, and this, edited by Dr. Charles Rogers, was published posthumously under the title ‘Memorials of Alloa, an historical and descriptive account of the Town.’
[Charles Rogers's Modern Scottish Minstrel, vi. 98–100; J. Grant-Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland, ii. 396–7.]
CRAWFORD, LAWRENCE (1611–1645), soldier, sixth son of Hugh Crawford of Jordanhill, near Glasgow, born in November 1611, early entered foreign service, passed eleven years in the armies of Christian of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus, and was for three years lieutenant-colonel in the service of Charles Lewis, elector palatine (Wood). In 1641 he was employed by the parliament in Ireland, and appears in December 1641 as commanding a regiment of a thousand foot (Bellings, Irish Catholic Confederation, i. 230). In this war he distinguished himself as an active officer, but the cessation of 1643 brought Crawford into opposition with Ormonde. He objected to the cessation itself, and refused to take the oath for the king which Ormonde imposed on the Irish army, and above all, though willing to continue his service in Ireland, would not turn his arms against the parliament. For this he was threatened with imprisonment, and lost all his goods, but contrived himself to escape to Scotland. The committee of the English parliament at Edinburgh recommended Crawford to the speaker, and on 3 Feb. 1644 he made a relation of his sufferings to the House of Commons, and was thanked by them for his good service (Sanford, 582). His narrative was published under the title of ‘Ireland's Ingratitude to the Parliament of England, or the Remonstrance of Colonel Crawford, shewing the Jesuiticall Plots against the Parliament, which was the only cause why he left his employment.’ A few days later Crawford was appointed second in command to the Earl of Manchester, with the rank of sergeant-major-general. ‘Proving very stout and successful,’ says Baillie, ‘he got a great head with Manchester, and with all the army that were not for sects’ (Baillie, ii. 229). Crawford's rigid presbyterianism speedily brought him into conflict with the independents in that army, and Cromwell wrote him an indignant letter of remonstrance on the dismissal of an anabaptist lieutenant-colonel (10 March 1644). At the siege of York Crawford signalised himself by assaulting without orders (16 June 1644). ‘The foolish rashness of Crawford, and his great vanity to assault alone the breach made by his mine without acquainting Leslie or Fairfax,’ led to a severe repulse (ib. ii. 195). A fortnight later, at the battle of Marston Moor, Craw-
