pupil in botany of Alston. He returned to Charleston in 1752 (Smith, Correspondence of Linnæus, i. 287), and went in 1754 for a time as professor to King's (afterwards Columbia) College, New York, but in 1755 married and established himself as a medical practitioner in his native town. Though having a large practice and a delicate constitution, he managed to devote considerable time to the study of botany and zoology. He corresponded with John Bartram, Peter Collinson, Gronovius, John Ellis, and, after 1755, with Linnæus. In his letters he expresses ‘disgust and indignation’ at the inaccuracy of Catesby's ‘Natural History of Carolina,’ and shows himself, as Sir J. E. Smith says, ‘a thoroughgoing Linnean.’ In the twelfth edition of Linnæus's ‘Systema Naturæ’ his name is subjoined to many new or little known species of fish and reptiles, and he also studied the more obscure classes of animals. He sent many new plants to Europe, including several magnolias and the Gordonia, which was, at his request, to have been named after him. Ellis having, however, already named it, chose the Cape Jessamine, introduced by Richard Warner [q. v.], to bear the name Gardenia. In 1761 he was chosen a member of the Royal Academy of Upsala, and in 1773 a fellow of the Royal Society, though not admitted until 1783. In 1764 he published an essay on the medicinal properties of the Virginia pink-root, and in the following year he described the genera Stillingia and Fothergilla, dedicated to Benjamin Stillingfleet and John Fothergill; and he also contributed to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ in 1775. In the war of independence he sided with England, sending a congratulatory address to Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780, and in 1783 he came to England with his wife and two daughters.
On his arrival in England he settled in Cecil Street, Strand, became generally respected for his benevolence, cheerfulness, and pleasing manners, and was made vice-president of the Royal Society. He died in Cecil Street, 15 April 1791, in his sixty-second year.
His son Alexander Garden (1757–1829), though educated at Westminster and Glasgow, joined the United States army, and received a grant of his father's estates, which had been confiscated. He afterwards published ‘Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War,’ 1822.
[Appleton's Cyclop. American Biog. p. 594; Ramsay's Hist. of South Carolina, vol. ii.; Rees's Cyclop.; Smith's Correspondence of Linnæus, i. 282–605; Loudon's Arboretum … Britann. p. 70.]
GARDEN, FRANCIS, Lord Gardenstone (1721–1793), the second son of Alexander Garden of Troup, Banffshire, by Jean, eldest daughter of Sir Francis Grant [q. v.], lord Cullen, was born at Edinburgh on 24 June 1721. He was educated at Edinburgh University, and was admitted an advocate on 14 July 1744. In the following year, while serving as a volunteer under Sir John Cope, he narrowly escaped being hanged as a spy at Musselburgh Bridge. In 1748 he was appointed sheriff depute of Kincardineshire, and on 22 Aug. 1759 was elected one of the assessors to the magistrates of Edinburgh. On 30 April 1760 Garden was appointed with James Montgomery joint solicitor-general, but to neither of them was conceded the privilege of sitting within the bar (Cat. of Home Office Papers, 1760–5, pp. 54, 55–6). Garden was employed in the Douglas cause, and appeared before the chambre criminelle of the parliament of Paris, where he was opposed by Wedderburn, and greatly distinguished himself by his legal knowledge and the fluency of his French. He was appointed an ordinary lord of session in the place of George Sinclair, lord Woodhall, and took his seat on the bench on 3 July 1764 with the title of Lord Gardenstone. On the resignation of James Ferguson, lord Pitfour, in April 1776, Garden also became a lord of justiciary, a post from which he retired in 1787, with a pension of 200l. a year. Upon the death of his elder brother Alexander in 1785, Garden succeeded to the family estates in Banffshire and Aberdeenshire, as well as to a large fortune. In September 1786 he went abroad for the sake of his health, returning in the summer of 1788. He continued to hold the post of an ordinary lord of session until his death at Morningside, near Edinburgh, on 22 July 1793. He was buried in Greyfriars churchyard on 24 July, ‘one and a half double paces north of the corner of Henderson's tomb,’ but there is no stone to mark the exact spot. Garden was a man of many peculiarities, one of which was an extreme fondness for pigs. It is related that a visitor one morning called on Garden, but he was not yet out of bed. He was shown into his bedroom, and in the dark he stumbled over something which gave a terrible grunt. Upon which Lord Gardenstone said, ‘It is just a bit sow, poor beast, and I laid my breeches on it to keep it warm all night’ (Original Portraits, i. 24). His convivial habits during his early career at the bar have formed the subject of many characteristic anecdotes. Tytler says that Garden was ‘an acute and able lawyer, of great natural eloquence, and with much wit and humour, had a considerable acquaintance with
