honorary rank of Royal Academicians. His works are graceful and elegant in design, and masterly in execution.
[Art Journal, 1850, p. 8, autobiographical letter, with portrait, and 1871, p. 41; Athenæum, 1870, ii. 847; Sandby's History of the Royal Academy of Arts, 1862, ii. 195–7; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1822-70.]
MACDOWELL, WILLIAM (1590–1666), diplomatist, born in October 1690 at Makerstoun, Roxburghshire, was son of Thomas Macdowell by Johanna, daughter of Sir Andrew Ker of Greenhead. From 1597 to 1603 he attended Musselburgh school, and in 1605 proceeded to St. Andrews, where he had a distinguished career. In 1609, before he had taken his degree, he was made philosophical master at St. Leonard's College, an office which he held until 1614, when he accepted the professorship of philosophy at Groningen University. He graduated LL.D. at Groningen in 1625, and in 1627 became president of the council of war in Groningen and Friesland. In 1629, 1635, and 1636 he was sent ambassador to England, on the last occasion to adjust fishery disputes. Charles I, struck by the ability of his arguments, would have made him a Scottish privy councillor had not the civil war broke out On 4 June 1650 Macdowell became Charles II's resident agent at the Hague. When, in March 1651, the English parliament sent Oliver St. John and Walter Strickland to the Hague to negotiate a union with the States, Macdowell distinguished himself by his reply to their propositions and memorials at the great assembly of the States-General, and the English envoys had to depart amid jeers from the populace in July. His success seems to have completely turned his head. He repudiated the advice of the English king's most trusted counsellors, and refused to take any instructions except from Charles himself. Nicholas, in writing to Hyde in March 1652, describes Macdowell as 'a most unskilful and indeed ridiculous person, and more a subject to these states than to the king, and strangely avaricious' (Nicholas Papers, Camd. Soc, i. 268). At Whitsuntide 1653 Cromwell persuaded the States to banish him, but he lingered for a while in Holland, in the hope of regaining the favour of Charles and the court (Cat. of Clarendon State Papers, ii. 148, 158, 277). At the Restoration he petitioned for payment of his salary as resident, and vainly urged the king to appoint him judge in Scotland (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660, p. 298, 1660–1, p. 460). He returned to Holland, and by warrant, dated 10 April 1665, was authorised to 'transact certain affairs of importance there and correspond with the secretaries of state' (ib. 1664–5, p. 300). During the war with the Dutch, Macdowell was kept a close prisoner, and even threatened with torture for traitorously corresponding with England (ib. 1666–7, pp. 143, 192, 198). He died in 1666 (ib. 1665–6, p. 532). He married first, in 1617, Bernardina van Frittema, and secondly, Elizabeth Alberda (d. 1652), daughter of Regnerus Alberda van Zandt, and widow of Sicco van Botnia.
Macdowell's 'Answer' to the English envoys was printed at the Hague in 1651, both in English and Dutch. The English version was reprinted in the 'Harleian Miscellany,' ed. 1810, v. 251. Replies to it were published at London, also in 1651, under the title of 'Anglia Liberata.' Macdowell was likewise author of 'Collegium juridico-politicum,' 4to, Groningen, 1628.
In contemporary records Macdowell's name appears in various forms, such as 'Macdougall' and 'Macdonnell.' During the Commonwealth period he is nearly always styled 'Sir,' but there is no evidence of his having been knighted. His portrait has been twice engraved.
[Effigies et Vitæ Professorum Academiæ Groningæ, 1654, pp. 71–4; Scheltema's Staatkundig Nederland, ii. 49–51; Nicholas Papers (Camd. Soc.), i. 320, 321; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1637 p. 208, 1651 pp. 31, 309, 389; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, ii. 262.]
MACDUFF, Thane or Earl of Fife (fl. 1056?), a half or wholly mythical personage, was, according to John of Fordun, the main instrument in advancing Malcolm Canmore [q. v.] to the throne held by the usurper, Macbeth [q. v.] The story is that, on his way through Fife, Macbeth saw a yoke of oxen belonging to Macduff fail in their task, and on being informed to whom they belonged expressed the opinion that Macduff himself should be put in the yoke. Fearful of the fate that might be in store for him, Macduff set sail for England, and Macbeth, on seeing his small vessel out at sea, captured and destroyed his castles, although the statement that he also murdered his wife and children is a later embellishment. Macduff ultimately persuaded Malcolm to return to Scotland to nght the usurper, and it was his forces chiefly that enabled Malcolm to defeat Macbeth at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire, on 15 Aug. 1057. According to Wyntoun the person, 'never borne but of a mattyris wame was schorne,' who slew Macbeth was not Macduff, but one of his knights. In reward of his great services Malcolm, according to
