He was one of the first to employ the microscope in the study of inflammation, and his observations attracted much attention, both at home and abroad; the work in which they were contained (‘An Experimental Enquiry’) being translated into German and Italian; and they have been often quoted since. He was also a physiological experimenter, and the principles which he states to have guided him in the performance of experiments on living animals are both rational and humane. His more practical works, especially on indigestion, were widely circulated, and translated into several languages. They show large medical experience. The following list gives all the more important of his numerous published works. Most of them are in the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society: 1. ‘Inquiry into the Remote Cause of Urinary Gravel,’ Edinburgh, 1792, 8vo; in German by Stendal, 1795. 2. ‘Experimental Essay on the Manner in which Opium acts on the Living Animal Body,’ Edinburgh, 1795, 8vo. 3. ‘Treatise on Febrile Diseases,’ 4 vols. Winchester, 1799–1804, 8vo; German translation by Töpelmann, Leipzig, 1804–1812; French by Létu, 1819; portions of this work were republished as ‘Treatise on Simple and Eruptive Fevers,’ 4th edit. London, 1820, 8vo; and ‘Treatise on Symptomatic Fevers,’ 4th edit. London, 1820. 4. ‘Observations on the Use and Abuse of Mercury,’ Winchester, 1805, 8vo. 5. ‘Analysis of the Malvern Waters,’ Worcester, 1805, 8vo. 6. ‘Essay on the Nature of Fever,’ Worcester, 1807, 8vo. 7. ‘Observations on a Species of Pulmonary Consumption,’ Worcester, 1817, 8vo. 8. ‘Experimental Enquiry into the Laws of the Vital Functions, partly reprinted from the “Philosophical Transactions,” 1815 and 1817,’ London, 1817, 8vo; 4th edit. 1839; in German by Sontheimer, Stuttgart, 1822; also in Italian by Tantini, 1823. 9. ‘Treatise on Indigestion and its Consequences,’ London, 1821, 8vo; 6th edit. 1828; Appendix, ‘On Protracted Cases of Indigestion,’ 1827; translated into German by Hasper, 1823, and Wolf, 1823; also into Dutch by Hymans, Amsterdam, 1823. 10. ‘Treatise on Protracted Indigestion and its Consequences,’ London, 1842, 8vo. 11. ‘Treatise on Diseases which precede Change of Structure,’ London, 1830, 8vo. 12. ‘Observations on Malignant Cholera,’ London, 1832, 8vo. 13. ‘Inquiry into the Nature of Sleep and Death,’ London, 1834, 8vo. He also contributed to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ several papers, among which were those ‘On the Nature of the Powers on which the Circulation of the Blood depends,’ 1831; ‘Relation between Nervous and Muscular Systems,’ 1833; ‘On the Nature of Sleep,’ 1833; to the ‘London Medical Gazette,’ where in 1831 he carried on a controversy with Dr. William Prout [q. v.], criticising the latter's Gulstonian lectures; and to the ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,’ ‘The Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,’ and other periodicals.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 227; (Upcott's) Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Callisen's Medizinisches Schriftsteller Lexikon, Copenhagen, 1830, &c. vol. xv.; Gurlt und Hirsch's Biographisches Lexikon der Aerzte, iv. 556.]
PHILIP, JOHN (fl. 1566), author, produced in 1566 three black-letter tracts, chiefly in doggerel verse, describing the curious trial at Chelmsford of three witches, Elizabeth Frauncis, Agnes Waterhouse, and the latter's daughter Joan, a girl of eighteen. Mrs. Waterhouse was burnt to death on 29 July 1566. The colophon of each of Philip's tracts, which appeared in London, gives the name of the printer as William Powell, that of the publisher as William Pickeringe, and the date of issue as 13 Aug. 1566. The first tract bears the title ‘The Examination and Confession [before Dr. Cole and Master Fortescue] of certaine Wytches at Chemsforde in the Countie of Essex’ (26 July 1566), with woodcuts of Sathan, a white-spotted cat given to Elizabeth Frauncis by her grandmother, her instructress in witchcraft; of a toad, into which the cat was afterwards metamorphosed, and of a dog with horns, who was the familiar of Joan Waterhouse (Lambeth and Bridgewater House). A new edition was entered to Thomas Lawe, 15 July 1589. Philip's second tract is called ‘The Second Examination and Confession of Mother Agnes Waterhouse and Jone her Daughter, upon her arainement, with the Questions and Answers of Agnes Browne, the Child on whom the Spirit haunteth at this present, deliberately declared before Justice Southcote and Master Gerard, the Queens Atturney, 26 July 1566’ (Lambeth). The third tract is entitled ‘The End and last Confession of Mother Waterhouse at her Death, 29 July 1566’ (Lambeth).
[Philip's Tracts; Collier's Bibliographical Cat.]
PHILIP, JOHN (1775–1851), South African missionary, was the son of a schoolmaster of Kirkcaldy, Fife, where he was born on 14 April 1775. At an early age he was apprenticed to a linen manufacturer in Leven. For three years, from 1794, he filled a clerkship in Dundee. Acquiring some repute as
