struction of pupils. He stands halfway between the scientific amateurs of genius like Cavendish, Lyell, Joule, and Darwin, and the modern professional savants of Cambridge and South Kensington. Averse from excessive speculation and dogmatism, he took no share in the formation of scientific theory. From 1865 to 1882 his reputation stood at the lowest among the new school of professional English biologists, trained when his pioneering work had become the anonymous commonplaces of the text-book, while his recent work was ill understood or largely ignored. From that period onwards it rapidly rose, and at the British Association meeting in Manchester (1887) he was an honoured member of the cosmopolitan group of botanists there present, many of whom were his personal guests. Williamson was elected F.R.S. in 1854. He became a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1851, served repeatedly on its council, and was elected an honorary member in 1893; and he took a leading part in the formation in 1858 and in the working of the microscopic and natural history section. His ninth memoir, ‘On the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures’ (Phil. Trans.), was given as the Bakerian lecture at the Royal Society. A nearly complete bibliography is given in the ‘Reminiscences.’ He received the royal medal of the Royal Society in 1874, an honorary degree of LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1883, and the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society in 1890, besides foreign honours. A portrait by H. Brothers is in the Owens College, Manchester.
[Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, 1896; obituaries and notices by Count Solms Laubach (Nature, 1895), A. C. Seward (Nat. Sc. vol. vii. 1895), R. D. Scott (Science Progress, 1895–6, and Proc. R. S. vol. clxx. 1896–7), F. J. F[araday] and T[homas] H[icks] (Mem. Manchester L. and Phil. Soc. 1896), and Lester Ward (Science, vol. ii. 1895); information kindly given by Robert Bateson Williamson, Rev. W. H. Dallinger, F.R.S., Rev. Richard Green (of the Wesleyan Theological College, Didsbury), Mr. Walter Brown (University College, London), the registrar of Owens College, Manchester, and P. J. Hartog; personal knowledge.]
WILLIBALD (700?–786), bishop and traveller, born about 700, was the son of a certain St. Richard who bore the title of king, and is conjectured to have been the son of Hlothere, king of Kent, who died in 685. His mother was Winna, sister of Saint Boniface [q. v.], the great apostle of Germany; she was also related to Ine [q. v.], king of Wessex. Willibald had a brother Wunebald and a sister Walburga [q. v.], who were also missionaries among the Germans. In his boyhood he was sent to the monastery of Waltham to be educated (Vita seu potius Hodœporicon Sancti Willibaldi, ap. Tobler, Descriptiones Terræ Sanctæ, p. 9). Here he conceived the idea of a pilgrimage, and persuaded his father and brother to set out with him for Rome (ib. pp. 14–16) about 720–1. At Lucca Willibald's father died, but he himself and his brother pressed on their difficult and dangerous journey, and finally arrived in Rome. Here Willibald formed the design of going on to Jerusalem, and after wintering in Rome, where he was seriously ill, set out in the spring of 722 for Syria. It was a time when pilgrimage in the east was fraught with infinite hardship and danger, when the old hospitals on the pilgrim routes had fallen into neglect, and when the great Mahommedan empire stretched from the Oxus to the Pyrenees. The sufferings of Willibald and his party were therefore very great. At Emesa they were taken prisoners as spies, but were ultimately set free to visit the pilgrim shrines still allowed to remain open. Willibald seems to have wandered about Palestine a good deal, and to have visited Jerusalem several times, finally leaving Syria about 726 after a narrow escape of martyrdom through smuggling balsam from Jerusalem (Beazley, The Dawn of Modern Geography, p. 152; but see Wright, Biogr. Brit. Lit. i. 342). In Constantinople he spent two years, from 726 to 728, returning to Italy after an absence of seven years (ib. p. 52) by way of Naples. At the great Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino he remained for ten years (ib. p. 45), holding various offices in the house. At the end of this time he again visited Rome, where Gregory III talked with him of his travels (ib. pp. 46–7), and authorised the publication of his narrative. Boniface meanwhile was in need of help in Germany, and asked for Willibald, who was accordingly despatched by Gregory III to Eichstädt (ib. pp. 48–9). At Salzburg in 741 Willibald was consecrated to the bishopric of Eichstädt by Archbishop Boniface (ib. pp. 51–2), and after the latter's death became the leader of the German mission. He built a monastery at Eichstädt, and lived a monastic life there (ib.), dying in 786.
Willibald's guide-book, entitled ‘Vita seu Hodœporicon Sancti Willibaldi scriptum a Sanctimoniali,’ from which the details of his life are taken, was dictated by himself (ib. p. 52), and probably written down by a nun at Heidenheim, the finishing touches being added by another hand after his death.
