Further, when forming in the narrow passage its disruptive action will tend to force off the outer layers. It is evident that limitation of p.d. to 1·8 volt ought to prevent these injuries, because it prevents exhaustion of acid in the plugs.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 15 shows the results obtained by study of successive periods of rest, the observations being taken between the limits of 2·4 and 1·8 volts. Curves A and B show the state and capacity at the beginning. After a 10 days’ rest the capacity was smaller, but repeated cycles of work brought it back to C and D. A second rest (10 days), followed by many cycles, then gave E and F. After a third rest (16 days) and many cycles, G and H were obtained. After a fourth rest (16 days) the first discharge gave I and the first charge J. Repeated cycles brought the cells back to K and L. Curves M and N show first cycle after a fifth rest (16 days); O and P show the final restoration brought about by repeated cycles of work. The numbers given by the integration of some of these curves are stated in Table III.
| Capacity and Efficiency under Various Conditions of Working. | ||||||
| Experiment. | Discharge. | Charge. | Efficiency. | |||
| Ampere Hours. |
Watt Hours. |
Ampere Hours. |
Watt Hours. |
Quantity. | Energy. | |
| Normal cycle | 102 | 201·7 | 104·5 | 230·7 | 97·2 | 87·4 |
| Restoration after 1st rest | 100 | 179 | 103·8 | 228·2 | 96·8 | 85·8 |
| Ditto, after 2nd rest | 91 | 176·7 | 96·8 | 213·2 | 94·1 | 82·8 |
| Ditto, after 3rd rest | 82·6 | 161·3 | 86·2 | 190·5 | 95·8 | 84·7 |
| Discharge immediately after rest |
56·5 | 110·5 | 86·2 | 190·5 | 65·5 | 58[1] |
| 56·5 | 110·5 | 71·1 | 158·3 | 79·6 | 69·6 | |
| Restoration after 8 cycles | 80 | 156·9 | 83·8 | 184·6 | 95·5 | 85 |
The table shows that the efficiency in a normal cycle may be as high as 87·4%; that during a rest of sixteen days the charged accumulator is so affected that about 30% of its charge is not available, and in subsequent cycles it shows a diminished capacity and efficiency; and that by repeated charges and discharges the capacity may be partially restored and the efficiency more completely so. These changes might be due to—(a) leakage or short-circuit, (b) some of the active material having fallen to the bottom of the cell or (c) some change in the active materials. (a) is excluded by the fact that the subsequent charge is smaller, and (b) by the continued increase of capacity during the cycles that follow the rest. Hence the third hypothesis is the one which must be relied upon. The change in the active materials has already been given. The formation of lead sulphate by local action on the peroxide plate and by direct action of acid on spongy metal on the lead plate explains the loss of energy shown in curve M, fig. 15, while the fact that it is probably formed, not in the path of the regular currents, but on the wall of the grid (remote from the ordinary action), gives a probable explanation of the subsequent slow recovery. The action of the acid on the lead during rest must not be overlooked.
Fig. 16.
We have seen that capacity diminishes as the discharge rate increases; that is, the available output increases as the current diminishes. R. E. B. Crompton’s diagram illustrating this fact is given in fig. 16. At the higher rates the consumption of acid is too rapid, diffusion cannot maintain its strength in the pores, and the fall comes so much earlier.
Fig. 17.
The resistance varies with the condition of the cell, as shown by the curves in fig. 17. It may be unduly increased by long or narrow lugs, and especially by dirty joints between the lugs. It is interesting to note that it increases at the end of both charge and discharge, and much more for the first than the second. Now the composition of the active materials near the end of charge is almost exactly the same as at the beginning of discharge, and at first sight there seems nothing to account for the great fall in resistance from 0·0115 to 0·004 ohm; that is, to about one-third the value. There is, however, one difference between charging and discharging—namely, that due to the strong acid near the positive, with a corresponding weaker acid near the negative electrode. The curve of conductivity for sulphuric acid shows that both strong and weak acid have much higher resistances than the liquid usually employed in accumulators, and it is therefore reasonable to suppose that local variations in strength of acid cause the changes in resistance. That these are not due to the constitution of the plugs is shown by the fact that, while the plugs
- ↑ This discharge is here compared with the charge that preceded the rest; in the next line the same discharge is compared with the charge following the rest.
