and the leguminous crops, especially the clover, much more than the root-crops. The greater part of the nitrogen of the cereals is, however, sold off the farm; but perhaps not more than 10 or 15% of that of either the root-crop or the clover (or other forage leguminous crop) is sold off in animal increase or in milk. Most of the nitrogen in the straw of the cereals, and a very large proportion of that of the much more highly nitrogen-yielding crops, returns to the land as manure, for the benefit of future cereals and other crops. As to the source of the nitrogen of the root-crops—the so-called “restorative crops”—these are as dependent as any crop that is grown on available nitrogen within the soil, which is generally supplied by the direct application of nitrogenous manures, natural or artificial. Under such conditions of supply, however, the root-crops, gross feeders as they are, and distributing a very large extent of fibrous feeding root within the soil, avail themselves of a much larger quantity of the nitrogen supplied than the cereal crops would do in similar circumstances. This result is partly due to their period of accumulation and growth extending even months after the period of collection by the ripening cereals has terminated, and at the season when nitrification within the soil is most active, and the accumulation of nitrates in it is the greatest. When a full supply of both mineral constituents and nitrogen is at command, these root-crops assimilate a very large amount of carbon from the atmosphere, and produce, besides nitrogenous food materials, a very large amount of the carbohydrate sugar, as respiratory and fat-forming food for the live stock of the farm.
| Crop. | Weight of Crop. | Total Pure Ash. |
Nitro- gen. |
Sul- phur. |
Potash. | Soda. | Lime. | Mag- nesia. |
Phos- phoric Acid. |
Chlor- ine. |
Silica. | |
| At Harvest. |
Dry. | |||||||||||
| Wheat, grain, 30 bushels | 1,800 | 1530 | 30 | 34 | 2·7 | 9·3 | 0·6 | 1·0 | 3·6 | 14·2 | 0·1 | 0·6 |
| Wheat,„ straw | 3,158 | 2653 | 142 | 16 | 5·1 | 19·5 | 2·0 | 8·2 | 3·5 | 6·9 | 2·4 | 96·3 |
| Total crop | 4,958 | 4183 | 172 | 50 | 7·8 | 28·8 | 2·6 | 9·2 | 7·1 | 21·1 | 2·5 | 96·9 |
| Barley, grain, 40 bushels | 2,080 | 1747 | 46 | 35 | 2·9 | 9·8 | 1·1 | 1·2 | 4·0 | 16·0 | 0·5 | 11·8 |
| Barley,„ straw. | 2,447 | 2080 | 111 | 14 | 3·2 | 25·9 | 3·9 | 8·0 | 2·9 | 4·7 | 3·6 | 56·8 |
| Total crop | 4,527 | 3827 | 157 | 49 | 6·1 | 35·7 | 5·0 | 9·2 | 6·9 | 20·7 | 4·1 | 68·6 |
| Oats, grain, 45 bushels | 1,890 | 1625 | 51 | 34 | 3·2 | 9·1 | 0·8 | 1·8 | 3·6 | 13·0 | 0·5 | 19·9 |
| Oats,„ straw | 2,835 | 2353 | 140 | 18 | 4·8 | 37·0 | 4·6 | 9·8 | 5·1 | 6·4 | 6·1 | 65·4 |
| Total crop | 4,725 | 3978 | 191 | 52 | 8·0 | 46·1 | 5·4 | 11·6 | 8·7 | 19·4 | 6·6 | 85·3 |
| Maize, grain, 30 bushels | 1,680 | 1500 | 22 | 28 | 1·8 | 6·5 | 0·2 | 0·5 | 3·4 | 10·0 | 0·2 | 0·5 |
| Maize,„ stalks, &c. | 2,208 | 1877 | 99 | 15 | .. | 29·8 | .. | .. | .. | 8·0 | .. | .. |
| Total crop | 3,888 | 3377 | 121 | 43 | .. | 36·3 | .. | .. | .. | 18·0 | .. | .. |
| Meadow hay, 112 ton | 3,360 | 2822 | 203 | 49 | 5·7 | 50·9 | 9·2 | 32·1 | 14·4 | 12·3 | 14·6 | 56·9 |
| Red Clover hay, 2 tons | 4,480 | 3763 | 258 | 98 | 9·4 | 83·4 | 5·1 | 90·1 | 28·2 | 24·9 | 9·8 | 7·0 |
| Beans, grain, 30 bushels | 1,920 | 1613 | 58 | 78 | 4·4 | 24·3 | 0·6 | 2·9 | 4·2 | 22·8 | 1·1 | 0·4 |
| Beans,„ straw. | 2,240 | 1848 | 99 | 29 | 4·9 | 42·8 | 1·7 | 26·3 | 5·7 | 6·3 | 4·3 | 6·9 |
| Total crop | 4,160 | 3461 | 157 | 107 | 9·3 | 67·1 | 2·3 | 29·2 | 9·9 | 29·1 | 5·4 | 7·3 |
| Turnips, root, 17 tons | 38,080 | 3126 | 218 | 61 | 15·2 | 108·6 | 17·0 | 5·5 | 5·7 | 22·4 | 10·9 | 2·6 |
| Turnips,„ leaf | 11,424 | 1531 | 146 | 49 | 5·7 | 40·2 | 7·5 | 48·5 | 3·8 | 10·7 | 11·2 | 5·1 |
| Total crop | 49,504 | 4657 | 364 | 110 | 20·9 | 148·8 | 24·5 | 74·0 | 9·5 | 33·1 | 22·1 | 7·7 |
| Swedes, root, 14 tons | 31,360 | 3349 | 163 | 70 | 14·6 | 63·3 | 22·8 | 19·7 | 6·8 | 16·9 | 6·8 | 3·1 |
| Swedes,„ leaf | 4,704 | 706 | 75 | 28 | 3·2 | 16·4 | 9·2 | 22·7 | 2·4 | 4·8 | 8·3 | 3·6 |
| Total crop | 36,064 | 4055 | 238 | 98 | 17·8* | 79·7 | 32·0 | 42·4 | 9·2 | 21·7 | 15·1 | 6·7 |
| Mangels, root, 22 tons | 49,280 | 5914 | 426 | 98 | 4·9 | 222·8 | 69·4 | 15·9 | 18·3 | 36·4 | 42·5 | 8·7 |
| Mangels,„ leaf | 18,233 | 1654 | 254 | 51 | 9·1 | 77·9 | 49·3 | 27·0 | 24·2 | 16·5 | 40·6 | 9·2 |
| Total crop | 67,513 | 7568 | 680 | 149 | 14·0 | 300·7 | 118·7 | 42·9 | 42·5 | 52·9 | 83·1 | 17·9 |
| Potatoes, tubers, 6 tons | 13,440 | 3360 | 127 | 46 | 2·7 | 76·5 | 3·8 | 3·4 | 6·3 | 21·5 | 4·4 | 2·6 |
*Calculated from a single analysis only.
The still more highly nitrogenous leguminous crops, although not characteristically benefited by nitrogenous manures, nevertheless contribute much more nitrogen to the total produce of the rotation than any of the other crops comprised in it. It is the leguminous fodder crops—especially clover, which has a much more extended period of growth, and much wider range of collection within the soil and subsoil, than any of the other crops of the rotation—that yield in their produce the largest amount of nitrogen per acre. Much of this is doubtless taken up as nitrate, yet the direct application of nitrate of soda has comparatively little beneficial influence on their growth. The nitric acid is most likely taken up chiefly as nitrate of lime, but probably as nitrate of potash also, and it is significant that the high nitrogen-yielding clover takes up, or at least retains, very little soda. Table XI., from Warington’s Chemistry of the Farm, 19th edition (Vinton and Co.), will serve to illustrate the subjects that have been discussed in this section.
For further information on the routine and details of farming, reference may be made to the articles under the headings of the various crops and implements.
British Live Stock.
The numbers of live stock in the United Kingdom are shown at five-yearly intervals in Table XII. Under horses are embraced only unbroken horses and horses used solely for agriculture (including mares kept for breeding). The highest and lowest annual totals for the United Kingdom in the period 1875–1905 were the following:
