slain by Artemis. Callisto was originally only an epithet of the Arcadian Artemis herself.
See Apollodorus iii. 8; Ovid, Metam. ii. 381-530; R. Franz, De Callistus fabula (1890), which deals exhaustively with the various forms of the legend.
CALLISTRATUS, Alexandrian grammarian, flourished at the
beginning of the 2nd century B.C. He was one of the pupils of
Aristophanes of Byzantium, who were distinctively called
Aristophanei. Callistratus chiefly devoted himself to the
elucidation of the Greek poets; a few fragments of his commentaries
have been preserved in the various collections of
scholia and in Athenaeus. He was also the author of a miscellaneous
work called Συμμικτά used by the later lexicographers,
and of a treatise on courtesans (Athenaeus iii. 125 B, xiii. 591 D).
He is not to be confused with Callistratus, the pupil and successor
of Isocrates and author of a history of Heraclea in Pontus.
See R. Schmidt, De Callistrato Aristophaneo, appended to A. Nauck’s Aristophanis Byzantii Fragmenta (1848); also C. W. Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, iv. p. 353 note.
CALLISTRATUS, an Athenian poet, only known as the author
of a hymn in honour of Harmodius (q.v.) and Aristogeiton. This ode, which is to be found in Athenaeus (p. 695), has been beautifully translated by Thomas Moore.
CALLISTRATUS, Greek sophist and rhetorician, probably
flourished in the 3rd century. He wrote Έκφράσεις, descriptions
of fourteen works of art in stone or brass by distinguished
artists. This little work, which is written in a dry and affected
style, without any real artistic feeling, is usually edited with the Εἰκόνες of Philostratus.
Edition by Schenkl-Reisch (Teubner series, 1902); see also C. G. Heyne, Opuscula Academica, v. pp. 196-221, with commentary on the Descriptiones; F. Jacobs, Animadversiones criticae in Callistrati statuas (1797).
CALLISTRATUS of Aphidnae, Athenian orator and general in
the 4th century B.C. For many years, as prostates, he supported Spartan interests at Athens. On account of the refusal of the Thebans to surrender Oropus, which on his advice they had been
allowed to occupy temporarily, Callistratus, despite his magnificent defence (which so impressed Demosthenes that he
resolved to study oratory), was condemned to death, 361 B.C.
He fled to Methone in Macedonia, and on his return to Athens
in 355 he was executed.
See Xenophon, Hellenica, iii. 3, vi. 2; Lycurgus, In Leocr. 93.
CALLOT, JACQUES (1592–1635), French engraver, was born
at Nancy in Lorraine, where his father, Jean Callot, was a herald-at-arms. He early discovered a very strong predilection for art,
and at the age of twelve quitted home without his father’s
consent, and set out for Rome where he intended to prosecute
his studies. Being utterly destitute of funds he joined a troop of
Bohemians, and arrived in their company at Florence. In this
city he had the good fortune to attract the notice of a gentleman
of the court, who supplied him with the means of study; but he
removed in a short time to Rome, where, however, he was
recognized by some relatives, who immediately compelled him
to return home. Two years after this, and when only fourteen
years old, he again left France contrary to the wishes of his
friends, and reached Turin before he was overtaken by his elder
brother, who had been despatched in quest of him. As his
enthusiasm for art remained undiminished after these disappointments,
he was at last allowed to accompany the duke of Lorraine’s
envoy to the papal court. His first care was to study the art of
design, of which in a short time he became a perfect master.
Philip Thomasin instructed him in the use of the graver, which,
however, he ultimately abandoned, substituting the point as
better adapted for his purposes. From Rome he went to Florence,
where he remained till the death of Cosimo II., the Maecenas of
these times. On returning to his native country he was warmly
received by the then duke of Lorraine, who admired and encouraged
him. As his fame was now spread abroad in various
countries of Europe, many distinguished persons gave him
commissions to execute. By the Infanta Isabella, sovereign of
the Low Countries, he was commissioned to engrave a design of
the siege of Breda; and at the request of Louis XIII. he designed
the siege of Rochelle and the attack on the Isle of Ré. When,
however, in 1631 he was desired by that monarch to execute an
engraving of the siege of Nancy, which he had just taken, Callot
refused, saying, “I would rather cut off my thumb than do
anything against the honour of my prince and of my country”;
to which Louis replied that the duke of Lorraine was happy in
possessing such subjects as Callot. Shortly after this he returned
to his native place, from which the king failed to allure him with
the offer of a handsome pension. He engraved in all about 1600
pieces, the best of which are those executed in aquafortis. No
one ever possessed in a higher degree the talent for grouping a
large number of figures in a small space, and of representing with
two or three bold strokes the expression, action and peculiar
features of each individual. Freedom, variety and naïveté
characterize all his pieces. His Fairs, his Miseries of War, his
Sieges, his Temptation of St Anthony and his Conversion of St
Paul are the best-known of his plates.
See also Edouard Meaume, Recherches sur la vie de Jacques Callot (1860).
CALLOVIAN (from Callovium, the Latinized form of Kellaways,
a village not far from Chippenham in Wiltshire), in geology, the
name introduced by d’Orbigny for the strata which constitute
the base of the Oxfordian or lowermost stage of the Middle
Oolites. The term used by d’Orbigny in 1844 was “Kellovien,”
subsequently altered to “Callovien” in 1849; William Smith
wrote “Kellaways” or “Kelloways Stone” towards the close
of the 18th century. In England it is now usual to speak of the
Kellaways Beds; these comprise (1) the Kellaways Rock,
alternating clays and sands with frequent but irregular concretionary
calcareous sandstones, with abundant fossils; and
(2) a lower division, the Kellaways Clay, which often contains
much selenite but is poor in fossils. The lithological characters
are impersistent, and the sandy phase encroaches sometimes
more, sometimes less, upon the true Oxford Clay. The rocks
may be traced from Wiltshire into Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire
and Yorkshire, where they are well exposed in the cliffs at
Scarborough and Gristhorpe, at Hackness (90 ft.), Newtondale
(80 ft.) and Kepwick (100 ft.). In Yorkshire, however, the
Callovian rocks lie upon a somewhat higher palaeontological
horizon than in Wiltshire. In England, Kepplerites calloviensis
is taken as the zone fossil; other common forms are Cosmoceras
modiolare, C. gowerianum, Belemnites oweni, Ancyloceras calloviense,
Nautilus calloviensis, Avicula ovalis, Gryphaea bilobata, &c.
On the European continent the “Callovien” stage is used in a sense that is not exactly synonymous with the English Callovian; it is employed to embrace beds that lie both higher and lower in the time-scale. Thus, the continental Callovien includes the following zones:—
| Upper Callovien (Divesien) |
Zone of Peltoceras athleta, Cosmoceras Duncani, Quenstedtoceras Lamberti and Q. mariae. | |
| Lower Callovien | Zone of Reineckia anceps, Stephanoceras coronatum and Cosmoceras jason and a lower zone of C. gowerianum and Macrocephalites macrocephalus. |
Rocks of Callovian age (according to the continental classification) are widely spread in Europe, which, with the exception of numerous insular masses, was covered by the Callovian Sea. The largest of these land areas lay over Scandinavia and Finland, and extended eastward as far as the 40th meridian. In arctic regions these rocks have been discovered in Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, the east coast of Greenland, and Siberia. They occur in the Hebrides and Skye and in England as indicated above. In France they are well exposed on the coast of Calvados between Trouville and Dives, where the marls and clays are 200 ft. thick. In the Ardennes clays bearing pyrites and oolitic limonite are about 30 ft. thick. Around Poitiers the Callovian is 100 ft. thick, but the formation thins in the direction of the Jura.
Clays and shales with ferruginous oolites represent the Callovian of Germany; while in Russia the deposits of this age are mainly argillaceous. In North America Callovian fossils are found in California; in South America in Bolivia. In Africa they have been found in Algeria and Morocco, in Somaliland and Zanzibar, and on the west coast of Madagascar. In India they are
