Succession, he was paymaster-general of the forces abroad, and in this capacity he amassed great wealth. In 1719 he was created marquess of Carnarvon and duke of Chandos. The duke is chiefly remembered on account of his connexion with Handel and with Pope. He built a magnificent house at Canons near Edgware in Middlesex, and is said to have contemplated the construction of a private road between this place and his unfinished house in Cavendish Square, London. For over two years Handel, employed by Chandos, lived at Canons, where he composed his oratorio Esther. Pope, who in his Moral Essays (Epistle to the Earl of Burlington) doubtless described Canons under the guise of “Timon’s Villa,” referred to the duke in the line, “Thus gracious Chandos is belov’d at sight”; but Swift, less complimentary, called him “a great complier with every court.” The poet was caricatured by Hogarth for his supposed servility to the duke. Chandos, who was lord-lieutenant of the counties of Hereford and Radnor, and chancellor of the university of St Andrews, became involved in financial difficulties, and after his death on the 9th of August 1744 Canons was pulled down. He was succeeded by his son Henry, 2nd duke (1708–1771), and grandson James, 3rd duke (1731–1789). On the death of the latter without sons in September 1789 all his titles, except that of Baron Kinloss, became extinct, although a claimant arose for the barony of Chandos of Sudeley. The 3rd duke’s only daughter, Anna Elizabeth, who became Baroness Kinloss on her father’s death, was married in 1796 to Richard Grenville, afterwards marquess of Buckingham; and in 1822 this nobleman was created duke of Buckingham and Chandos (see Buckingham, Dukes of).
See G. E. C(okayne), Complete Peerage (1887–1898); and J. R. Robinson, The Princely Chandos, i.e. the 1st duke (1893).
CHANDOS, SIR JOHN (?–1370), one of the most celebrated
English commanders of the 14th century. He is found at the
siege of Cambrai in 1337, and at the battle of Crécy in 1346.
At the battle of Poitiers, in 1356, it was he who decided the
day and saved the life of the Black Prince. For these services
Edward III. made him a knight of the Garter, gave him the lands
of the viscount of Saint Sauveur in Cotentin, and appointed
him his lieutenant in France and vice-chamberlain of the royal
household. In 1362 he was made constable of Aquitaine, and
won the victories of Auray (1364) and Navaret in Spain (1367)
over Duguesclin. He was seneschal of Poitou in 1369, and was
mortally wounded at the bridge of Lussac near Poitiers on the
31st of December. He died on the following day, the 1st of
January 1370.
See Benjamin Fillon, “John Chandos, Connétable d’Aquitaine et Sénéchal de Poitou,” in the Revue des provinces de l’ouest (1855).
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (reigned 321–296 B.C.), known
to the Greeks as Sandracottus, founder of the Maurya empire
and first paramount ruler of India, was the son of a king of
Magadha by a woman of humble origin, whose caste he took,
and whose name, Mura, is said to have been the origin of that of
Maurya assumed by his dynasty. As a youth he was driven into
exile by his kinsman, the reigning king of Magadha. In the
course of his wanderings he met Alexander the Great, and,
according to Plutarch (Alexander, cap. 62), encouraged him to
invade the Ganges kingdom by enlarging on the extreme unpopularity
of the reigning monarch. During his exile he collected
a large force of the warlike clans of the north-west frontier, and
on the death of Alexander attacked the Macedonian garrisons
and conquered the Punjab. He next attacked Magadha, dethroned
and slew the king, his enemy, with every member of
his family, and established himself on the throne (321). The
great army acquired from his predecessor he increased until it
reached the total of 30,000 cavalry, 9000 elephants, and 600,000
infantry; and with this huge force he overran all northern India,
establishing his empire from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of
Bengal. In 305 Seleucus Nicator crossed the Indus, but was
defeated by Chandragupta and forced to a humiliating peace
(303), by which the empire of the latter was still farther extended
in the north. About six years later Chandragupta died, leaving
his empire to his son Bindusura.
An excellent account of the court and administrative system of Chandragupta has been preserved in the fragments of Megasthenes, who came to Pataliputra as the envoy of Seleucus shortly after 303. The government was, of course, autocratic and even tyrannous, but it was organized on an elaborate system, army and civil service being administered by a series of boards, while the cities were governed by municipal commissioners responsible for public order and the upkeep of public works. Chandragupta himself is described as living in barbaric splendour, appearing in public only to hear causes, offer sacrifice, or to go on military and hunting expeditions, and withal so fearful of assassination that he never slept two nights running in the same room.
See J. W. MacCrindle, Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian (Calcutta, 1877); V. A. Smith, Early Hist. of India (Oxford, 1908); also the articles India: History, and Inscriptions: Indian.
CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS ANNE THÉODULE (1793–1877),
French general, was born at Autun on the 26th of April 1793.
Educated at St Cyr, he served for a short time in the bodyguard
of Louis XVIII., and entered the line as a lieutenant in January
1815. He achieved distinction in the Spanish campaign of 1823,
and became captain in 1825. In 1830 he entered the Royal
Guard and was sent to Africa, where he took part in the Mascara
expedition. Promoted commandant in 1835, he distinguished
himself under Marshal Clausel in the campaign against Ahmed
Pasha, bey of Constantine, and became lieutenant-colonel in
1837. The part he took in the expedition of Portes-de-Fer
gained him a colonelcy, and his success against the Hajutas and
Kabyles, the cross of the Legion of Honour. Three more years
of brilliant service in Africa won for him the rank of maréchal
de camp in 1840, and of lieutenant-general in 1843. In 1847 he
held the Algiers divisional command. He visited France early
in 1848, assisted the provisional government to establish order,
and returned to Africa in May to succeed General Cavaignac in
the government of Algeria. He was speedily recalled on his
election to the general assembly for the department of the Seine,
and received the command of the National Guard of Paris, to
which was added soon afterwards that of the troops in Paris,
altogether nearly 100,000 men. He held a high place and
exercised great influence in the complicated politics of the next
two years. In 1849 he received the grand cross of the Legion
of Honour. An avowed enemy of republican institutions, he
held a unique position in upholding the power of the president;
but in January 1851 he opposed Louis Napoleon’s policy, was
in consequence deprived of his double command, and at the
coup d’état in December was arrested and sent to Mazas, until
his banishment from France by the decree of the 9th of January
1852. He returned to France after the general amnesty, and
resided in his estate in the department of Saône-et-Loire. In
1870 he held no command, but was present with the headquarters,
and afterwards with Bazaine in Metz. He was employed on an
unsuccessful mission to Prince Frederick Charles, commanding
the German army which besieged Metz, and on the capitulation
became a prisoner of war. At the armistice he returned to Paris,
and in 1871 was elected to the National Assembly by four departments,
and sat for the Somme. He took an active part in politics,
defended the conduct of Marshal Bazaine, and served on the
committee which elaborated the monarchical constitution. When
the comte de Chambord refused the compromise, he moved
the resolution to extend the executive power for ten years to
Marshal MacMahon. He was elected a life senator in 1875. He
died in Paris on the 14th of February 1877.
CHANG-CHOW, a town of China, in the province of Fu-kien,
on a branch of the Lung Kiang, 35 m. W. of Amoy. It is
surrounded by a wall 412 m. in circumference, which, however,
includes a good deal of open ground. The streets are paved with
granite, but are very dirty. The river is crossed by a curious
bridge, 800 ft. long, constructed of wooden planks supported on
twenty-five piles of stones about 30 ft. apart. The city is a centre
of the silk-trade, and carries on an extensive commerce in different
directions. Brick-works and sugar-factories are among its chief
