appointed councillor of state, and received various other public positions, especially in connexion with the railway and financial administration. He veered round to the Right, and in 1867 and again in 1869 he held the portfolio of education; he played an important part in the events consequent upon the occupation of Rome, and helped to draft the Law of Guarantees. As minister of education he suppressed the theological faculties in the Italian universities, but eventually resigned office and allied himself with the Left again on account of conservative opposition to his reforms. His defection from the Right ultimately assured the advent of the Left to power in 1876; and while declining office, he remained chief adviser of Agostino Depretis until the latter’s death. On several occasions—notably in connexion with the redemption of the Italian railways, and with the Paris exhibition of 1878—he acted as representative of the government. In 1877 he was given the lucrative appointment of secretary of the order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus by Depretis, and in 1886 was created senator. He died at Rome on the 4th of October 1888. He left a considerable body of writings on a variety of subjects, none of which is of exceptional merit.
See E. Massarani, Cesare Correnti nella vita e nelle opere (1890); and L. Carpi, Il Risorgimento italiano, vol. iv. (Milan, 1888). (L. V.*)
CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, correspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respondere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondence), strictly a mutual agreement or
fitness of parts or character, that which fits or answers to a requirement in another, or more generally a similarity or parallelism. In the 17th and 18th centuries the word was frequently
applied to relations and communications between states. It is
now, outside special applications, chiefly applied to the interchange
of communications by letter, or to the letters themselves,
between private individuals, states, business houses, or from
individuals to the press. The “doctrine of correspondence or
correspondences,” one of the leading tenets of Swedenborgianism,
is that every natural object corresponds to and typifies some
spiritual principle or truth, this being the only key to the true
interpretation of Scripture. In mathematics, the term “correspondence”
implies the existence of some relation between the
members of two groups of objects. If each object of one group
corresponds to one and only one object of the second, and vice
versa, then a one-to-one correspondence exists between the
groups. If each object of the first group corresponds to β objects
of the second group, and each object of the second group corresponds
to a objects of the first group, then an α to β correspondence
exists between the two groups. For examples of the
application of this notion see Curve.
CORRÈZE, a department of south-central France, formed
from the southern portion of the old province of Limousin,
bounded N. by the departments of Haute-Vienne and Creuse, E,
by Puy-de-Dôme, S.E. by Cantal, S. by Lot, and W. by Dordogne.
Area, 2273 sq. m. Pop. (1906) 317,430. Corrèze is situated on
the western fringe of the central plateau of France. It forms a
hilly tableland elevated in the east and north, and intersected by
numerous fertile river valleys, trending for the most part to the
south and south-west. The highest points, many of which
exceed 3000 ft., are found in the north, where the Plateau de
Millevaches separates the basins of the Loire and the Garonne.
Except for a small district in the extreme north, which is watered
by the Vienne, Corrèze belongs to the basin of the Garonne. The
Dordogne waters its south-eastern region. The Corrèze, from
which the department takes its name, and the Vézère, of which
the Corrèze is the chief tributary, rise in the Plateau de Millevaches,
flow south-west, and unite to the west of Brive. The
climate of Corrèze is, in general, cold, damp and variable, except
in the south-west, where it is mild and agreeable. The majority
of the inhabitants live by agriculture. About one-third of the
department is arable land, most of which is found in the south-west.
Rye, buckwheat and wheat (in the order named) are the
most abundant cereals. Hemp, flax and tobacco are also grown.
The more elevated regions of the north and east are given over to
pasture, sheep being specially numerous on the Plateau de
Millevaches. Pigs and goats are reared to a considerable extent;
and poultry-farming and cheese-making are much practised.
The vineyards of the neighbourhood of Brive produce wine of
medium quality. Chestnuts, largely used as an article of food,
walnuts and cider-apples are the chief fruits. Coal in small
quantities, slate, building-stone and other stone are the mineral
products, and clay, used in potteries and tile-works, is also
worked. The most important industrial establishment is the
government manufactory of fire-arms at Tulle. There are
flour-mills, breweries, oil-works, saw-mills and dye-works; and
hats (Bort), coarse woollens, silk, preserved foods, wooden shoes,
chairs, paper and leather are manufactured. Coal and raw
materials for textile industries are leading imports; live stock
and agricultural products are the chief exports. The department
is served by the Orléans railway, and the Dordogne is navigable.
The department is divided into the arrondissements of Tulle,
Brive and Ussel, containing 29 cantons and 289 communes. It
belongs to the archdiocese of Bourges, the region of the XII.
army corps, and the Académie (educational division) of Clermont-Ferrand.
Its court of appeal is at Limoges. Tulle, the capital,
and Brive are the principal towns of the department. Uzerche is
a picturesque old town on the Vézère, with a Romanesque church,
old houses, a gate and other remains of medieval fortifications.
At Aubazine (or Obazine) there is a Romanesque church of the
12th century, formerly belonging to the celebrated Cistercian
abbey, of which Étienne “of Obazine” (d. 1159 and subsequently
beatified) was the founder and first abbot. It contains the fine
sculptured tomb of the founder. To the same style belong the
abbey church of Beaulieu, the south portal of which is elaborately
carved, the abbey church of Meymac, and the abbey church of
Vigeois. Treignac, with its church, bridge and ramparts of the
15th century, and Turenne, dominated by the ruins of the castle
of the famous family of that name, are ancient and interesting
towns. The dolmen at Espartignac and the cromlech of Aubazine
are the chief megalithic remains in the department. A Roman
eagle and other antiquities have been found close to Ussel, which
at the end of the 16th century became the centre of the duchy of
Ventadour.
CORRIB, LOUGH, a lake of western Ireland, in the counties Galway and Mayo. It lies N.W. and S.E., and is 27 m. long, including a long projecting arm at the north-west. The extreme breadth is 7 m., but the outline is extremely irregular, and the lough narrows near the centre to a few hundred yards. Lough Corrib is very shallow, hardly exceeding 30 ft. in depth at any point, and it is covered with islands, of which there are some 300. It lies 29 ft. above sea-level, and drains by the short river Corrib to Galway Bay. The large Lough Mask lies to its north and is connected with it by a partly subterranean channel. The scenery is pleasant, but the shores are low, except at the north-west, where the wild foothills of Joyce’s Country rise.
CORRIDOR (Fr. corridor, from Ital. corridore, Med. Lat. corridorium,
a “running-place,” from currere, to run), a main passage
in a large building, on which various apartments open. In public
offices, prisons, workhouses, hospitals, &c., the corridors are
usually of severe simplicity; but in mansions and palaces large
corridors (galleries) are often adorned with works of art, whence
comes the term “picture gallery” applied to many collections.
The term “corridor carriage” is applied to the modern style of
railway carriage in which a narrow passage connects the separate
compartments, the object being to combine a certain degree of
privacy for the traveller with access from one compartment to
another whilst the train is in motion.
CORRIE (Gaelic coire, cauldron; hence whirlpool, or circular
hollow), a term used in the Highlands of Scotland for a steep-sided,
rounded hollow in a mountain-side, from the lower part
of which a stream usually issues as the outlet of a small lake
ponded by glacial debris. Corrie-lakes are common in all
glaciated mountain regions. (See Cirque.)
CORRIENTES, a north-eastern province of the Argentine
Republic, and part of a region known as the Argentine Mesopotamia,
bounded N. by Paraguay, N.E. by Misiones (territory),
E. by Brazil, S. by Entre Rios, and W. by Santa Fé and the
