A.D., and wrote an Attic lexicon, 1st ed. Hudson, Oxf. 1712, Bekker,
1833. Julius Pollux (Ίούλιος Πολυδεύκης) of Naucratis, in Egypt, died,
aged fifty-eight, in the reign of Commodus (180-192), who made him
professor of rhetoric at Athens. He wrote, besides other lost works,
an Onomasticon in ten books, being a classed vocabulary, intended to
supply all the words required by each subject with the usage of the
best authors. It is of the greatest value for the knowledge both of
language and of antiquities. First printed by Aldus, Venice, 1500,
fol.; often afterwards; ed. Lederlinus and Hemsterhuis, Amst. 1706,
2 vols.; Dindorf, 1824, 5 vols., Bethe (1900 f.). Harpocration of
Alexandria, probably of the 2nd century, wrote a lexicon on the ten
Attic orators, first printed by Aldus, Ven. 1503, fol.; ed. Dindorf,
Oxford, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols. from 14 MSS. Orion, a grammarian of
Thebes, in Egypt, who lived between 390 and 460, wrote an etymological
dictionary, printed by Sturz, Leipzig, 1820, 4to. Helladius
a priest of Jupiter at Alexandria, when the heathen temples there
were destroyed by Theophilus in 389 or 391 escaped to Constantinople,
where he was living in 408. He wrote an alphabetical lexicon, now
lost, chiefly of prose, called by Photius the largest (πολυστιχώτατον)
which he knew. Ammonius, professor of grammar at Alexandria,
and priest of the Egyptian ape, fled to Constantinople with Helladius,
and wrote a dictionary of words similar in sound but different in
meaning, which has been often printed in Greek lexicons, as Aldus,
1497, Stephanus, and separately by Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat. 1739,
4to, 2 vols., and by others. Zenodotus wrote on the cries of animals,
printed in Valckenaer’s Ammonius; with this may be compared
the work of Vincentio Caralucci, Lexicon vocum quae a brutis animalibus
emittuntur, Perusia, 1779, 12mo. Hesychius of Alexandria wrote a
lexicon, important for the knowledge of the language and literature,
containing many dialectic and local expressions and quotations from
other authors, 1st ed. Aldus, Ven. 1514, fol.; the best is Alberti and
Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat. 1746–1766, fol. 2 vols.; collated with the MS.
in St Mark’s library, Venice, the only MS. existing, by Niels Iversen
Schow, Leipzig, 1792, 8vo; ed. Schmidt, Jena, 1867, 8vo. The
foundation of this lexicon is supposed to have been that of Pamphilus,
an Alexandrian grammarian, quoted by Athenaeus, which, according
to Suidas, was in 95 books from Ε to Ω; Α to Δ had been compiled
by Zopirion. Photius, consecrated patriarch of Constantinople, 25th
December 857, living in 886, left a lexicon, partly extant, and printed
with Zonaras, Lips. 1808, 4to, 3 vols., being vol. iii.; ed. Naber,
Leidae, 1864–1865, 8vo, 2 vols. The most celebrated of the Greek
glossaries is that of Suidas, of whom nothing is known. He probably
lived in the 10th century. His lexicon is an alphabetical dictionary
of words including the names of persons and places—a compilation
of extracts from Greek writers, grammarians, scholiasts and lexicographers,
very carelessly and unequally executed. It was first
printed by Demetrius Chalcondylas, Milan, 1499, fol.; the best
edition, Bernhardy, Halle, 1853, 4to, 2 vols. John Zonaras, a celebrated
Byzantine historian and theologian, who lived in the 12th
century, compiled a lexicon, first printed by Tittmann, Lips. 1808.
4to, 2 vols. An anonymous Greek glossary, entitled Έτυμολογικὸν μέγα,
Etymologicum magnum, has been frequently printed. The first
edition is by Musurus, Venitia, 1499, fol.; the best by Gaisford,
Oxonii, 1848, fol. It contains many grammatical remarks by famous
authorities, many passages of authors, and mythological and
historical notices. The MSS. vary so much that they look like the
works of different authors. To Eudocia Augusta of Makrembolis, wife
of the emperors Constantine XI. and Romanus IV. (1059 to 1071),
was ascribed a dictionary of history and mythology, Ίωνιά (bed
of violets), first printed by D’Ansse de Villoison, Anecdota Graeca,
Venetiis, 1781, 4to, vol. i. pp. 1-442. It was supposed to have been
of much value before it was published. Thomas, Magister Officiorum
under Andronicus Palaeologus, afterward called as a monk Theodulus,
wrote Έκλογαὶ ὀνομάτων Άττικῶν, printed by Callierges, Romae,
1517, 8vo: Papias, Vocabularium, Mediolani, 1476, fol.: Craston,
an Italian Carmelite monk of Piacenza, compiled a Greek and Latin
lexicon, edited by Bonus Accursius, printed at Milan, 1478, fol.:
Aldus, Venetiis, 1497, fol.: Guarino, born about 1450 at Favora,
near Camarino, who called himself both Phavorinus and Camers,
published his Thesaurus in 1504. These three lexicons were frequently
reprinted. Estienne, Thesaurus, Genevae, 1572, fol., 4 vols.; ed.
Valpy, Lond. 1816–1826, 6 vols. fol.; Paris, 1831–1865, 9 vols. fol., 9902
pages: Κιβωτός, the ark, was intended to give the whole language,
ancient and modern, but vol. i., Constantinople, 1819, fol., 763 pages,
Α to Δ, only appeared, as the publication was put an end to by the
events of 1821. English.—Jones, London, 1823, 8vo: Dunbar,
Edin. 3rd ed. 1850, 4to: Liddell and Scott, 8th ed. Oxford, 1897, 4to.
French.—Alexandre, 12th ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo; 1869–1871, 2 vols:
Chassang, ib. 1872, 8vo. Italian.—Camini, Torino, 1865, 8vo, 972
pages: Müller, ib. 1871, 8vo. Spanish.—Diccionario manual, por les
padres Esculapios, Madrid, 1859, 8vo. German.—Passow, 5th ed.
Leipzig, 1841–1857, 4to: Jacobitz and Seiler, 4th ed. ib. 1856, 8vo:
Benseler, ib. 1859, 8vo: Pape, Braunschweig, 1870–1874, 8vo, 4 vols.
Prellwitz, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache, new
edition, 1906: Herwerden, Lexicon Graecum suppletorium et dialecticum,
1902. Dialects.—Attic: Moeris, ed. Pierson, Lugd. Bat.
1759. 8vo. Attic Orators: Reiske, Oxon. 1828, 8vo, 2 vols. Doric:
Portus, Franckof. 1605, 8vo. Ionic: Id. ib. 1603, 8vo; 1817; 1825.
Prosody.—Morell, Etonae, 1762, 4to; ed. Maltby, Lond. 1830, 4to:
Brasse, Lond. 1850, 8vo. Rhetoric.—Ernesti, Lips. 1795, 8vo.
Music.—Drieberg, Berlin, 1855. Etymology.—Curtius, Leipzig,
1858–1862: Lancelot, Paris, 1863, 8vo. Synonyms.—Peucer, Dresden,
1766, 8vo: Pillon, Paris, 1847, 8vo. Proper Names.—Pape, ed.
Sengebusch, 1866, 8vo, 969 pages. Verbs.—Veitch, 2nd ed. Oxf.
1866. Terminations.—Hoogeveen, Cantab. 1810, 4to: Pape,
Berlin, 1836, 8vo. Particular Authors.—Aeschylus: Wellauer,
2 vols. Lips. 1830–1831, 8vo. Aristophanes: Caravella, Oxonii, 1822,
8vo. Demosthenes: Reiske, Lips. 1775, 8vo. Euripides: Beck,
Cantab. 1829, 8vo. Herodotus: Schweighäuser, Strassburg, 1824, 8vo,
2 vols. Hesiod: Osoruis, Neapol. 1791, 8vo. Homer: Apollonius
Sophista, ed. Tollius, Lugd. Bat., 1788, 8vo: Schaufelberger, Zürich,
1761–1768, 8vo, 8 vols.: Crusius, Hanover, 1836, 8vo: Wittich,
London, 1843, 8vo: Döderlein, Erlangen, 8vo, 3 vols.: Eberling,
Lipsiae, 1875, 8vo: Autenrieth, Leipzig, 1873, 8vo; London, 1877,
8vo. Isocrates: Mitchell, Oxon. 1828, 8vo. Pindar: Portus,
Hanov. 1606, 8vo. Plato: Timaeus, ed. Koch, Lips. 1828, 8vo:
Mitchell, Oxon. 1832, 8vo: Ast, Lips. 1835–1838, 8vo, 3 vols.
Plutarch: Wyttenbach, Lips. 1835, 8vo, 2 vols. Sophocles: Ellendt,
Regiomonti, 1834–1835, 8vo ed.; Genthe, Berlin, 1872, 8vo. Thucydides:
Bétant, Geneva, 1843–1847, 8vo, 2 vols. Xenophon: Sturtz,
Lips. 1801–1804, 8vo, 4 vols.: Cannesin (Anabasis, Gr.-Finnish), Helsirgissä,
1868, 8vo: Sauppe, Lipsiae, 1869, 8vo. Septuagint: Hutter,
Noribergae, 1598, 4to: Biel, Hagae, 1779–1780, 8vo. New Testament:
Lithocomus, Colon, 1552, 8vo: Parkhurst, ed. Major, London, 1845,
8vo: Schleusner (juxta ed. Lips. quartam), Glasguae, 1824, 4to.
Medieval and Modern Greek.—Meursius, Lugd. Bat. 1614, 4to: Critopulos, Stendaliae, 1787, 8vo: Portius, Par. 1635, 4to: Du Cange, Paris, 1682, fol., 2 vols.; Ludg. 1688, fol. English.—Polymera, Hermopolis, 1854, 8vo: Sophocles, Cambr. Mass. 1860–1887: Contopoulos, Athens, 1867, 8vo; Smyrna, 1868–1870, 8vo, 2 parts, 1042 pages. French.—Skarlatos, Athens, 1852, 4to: Byzantius, ib. 1856, 8vo, 2 vols.: Varvati, 4th ed. ib., 1860, 8vo. Italian.—Germano, Romae, 1622, 8vo: Somavera, Parigi, 1709, fol., 2 vols.: Pericles, Hermopolis, 1857, 8vo. German.—Schmidt, Lips. 1825–1827, 12mo, 2 vols.: Petraris, Leipz. 1897. Polyglots.—Koniaz (Russian and Fr.), Moscow, 1811, 4to; Schmidt (Fr.-Germ.), Leipzig, 1837–1840, 12mo, 3 vols.: Theocharopulas de Patras (Fr.-Eng.), Munich, 1840, 12mo.
Latin.—Johannes de Janua, Catholicon or Summa, finished in 1286, printed Moguntiæ 1460, fol.; Venice, 1487; and about 20 editions before 1500: Johannes, Comprehensorium, Valentia, 1475, fol.: Nestor Dionysius, Onomasticon, Milan, 1477, fol.: Stephanus, Paris, 1531, fol., 2 vols.: Gesner, Lips. 1749, fol., 4 vols.: Forcellini, Patavii, 1771, fol., 4 vols. Polyglot.—Calepinus, Reggio, 1502, fol. (Aldus printed 16 editions, with the Greek equivalents of the Latin words; Venetiis, 1575, fol., added Italian, French and Spanish; Basileae, 1590, fol., is in 11 languages; several editions, from 1609, are called Octolingue; many of the latter 2 vol. editions were edited by John Facciolati): Verantius (Ital., Germ., Dalmatian, Hungarian), Venetiis, 1595, 4to: Lodereckerus (Ital., Germ., Dalm., Hungar., Bohem., Polish), Pragae, 1605, 4to. English.—Promptorium parvulorum, compiled in 1440 by Galfridus Grammaticus, a Dominican monk of Lynn Episcopi, in Norfolk, was printed by Pynson, 1499; 8 editions, 1508–1528, ed. Way, Camden Society, 1843–1865, 3 vols. 4to; Medulla grammaticis, probably by the same author, MS. written 1483; printed as Ortus vocabulorum, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1500; 13 editions 1509–1523; Sir Thomas Elyot, London, 1538, fol.; 2nd ed. 1543; Bibliotheca Eliotae, ed. Cooper, ib. 1545, fol.: Huloet, Abecedarium, London, 1552, fol.; Dictionarie, 1572, fol.: Cooper, London, 1565, fol.; 4th edition, 1584, fol.: Baret, Alvearie, ib. 1575, fol.; 1580, fol.: Fleming, ib. 1583, fol.: Ainsworth, London, 1736, 4to; ed. Morell, London, 1796, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Beatson and Ellis, ib. 1860, 8vo: Scheller, translated by Riddle, Oxford, 1835, fol.: Smith, London, 1855, 8vo; 1870: Lewis and Short, Oxford, 1879. Eng.-Latin.—Levins, Manipulus puerorum, Lond. 1570, 4to: Riddle, ib. 1838, 8vo: Smith, ib. 1855, 8vo. French.—Catholicon parvum, Geneva, 1487: Estienne, Dictionnaire, Paris, 1539, fol. 675 pages; enlarged 1549; ed. Huggins, Lond. 1572: Id. Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum, Lutetiae, 1546, fol.; Paris, 1552; 1560: Id., Dictionariolum puerorum, Paris, 1542, 4to: Les Mots français, Paris, 1544, 4to; the copy in the British Museum has the autograph of Queen Catherine Parr: Thierry (Fr.-Lat.), Paris, 1564, fol.: Danet, Ad usum Delphini, Paris, 1700, 4to, 2 vols.; and frequently: Quicherat, 9th ed. Paris, 1857, 8vo: Theil, 3rd ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo: Freund, ib. 1835–1865, 4to, 3 vols. German.—Joh. Melber, of Gerolzhofen, Vocabularius praedicantium, of which 26 editions are described by Hain (Repertorium, No. 11,022, &c.), 15 undated, 7 dated 1480–1495, 4to, and 3 after 1504: Vocabularius gemma gemmarum, Antwerp, 1484, 4to; 1487; 12 editions, 1505–1518: Herman Torentinus, Elucidarius carminum, Daventri, 1501, 4to; 22 editions, 1504–1536: Binnart, Ant. 1649, 8vo: Id., Biglotton, ib. 1661; 4th ed. 1688: Faber, ed. Gesner, Hagae Com. 1735, fol., 2 vols.: Hederick, Lips. 1766, 8vo, 2 vols.: Ingerslev, Braunschweig, 1835–1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: Thesaurus linguae Latinae, Leipzig, 1900: Walde, Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1906. Italian.—Seebar (Sicilian translation of Lebrixa), Venet. 1525, 8vo: Venuti, 1589, 8vo: Galesini, Venez. 1605, 8vo: Bazzarini and Bellini, Torino, 1864, 4to, 2 vols. 3100 pages. Spanish.—Salmanticae, 1494, fol.; Antonio de Lebrixa, Nebrissenis, Compluti, 1520, fol., 2 vols.: Sanchez de la Ballesta, Salamanca, 1587, 4to: Valbuena, Madrid, 1826, fol. Portuguese.—Bluteau,
