of activity, feeling, &c. In the early history of psychology the term was applied to various mental processes considered as causes or conditions of the mind—a treatment of “class concepts of mental phenomena as if they were real forces producing these phenomena” (G. F. Stout, Analytic Psychology, vol. i. p. 17). In medieval Latin facultas was used to translate δύναμις in the Aristotelian application of the word to a branch of learning or knowledge, and thus it is particularly applied to the various departments of knowledge as taught in a university and to the body of teachers of the particular art or science taught. The principal “faculties” in the medieval universities were theology, canon and civil law, medicine and arts (see Universities). A further extension of this use is to the body of members of any particular profession.
In law, “faculty” is a dispensation or licence to do that which is not permitted by the common law. The word in this sense is used only in ecclesiastical law. A faculty may be granted to be ordained deacon under twenty-three years of age; to hold two livings at once (usually called a licence or dispensation, but granted under the seal of the office of faculties; see Benefice); to be married at any place or time (usually called a special licence; see Marriage; Licence); to act as a notary public (q.v.). Any alteration in a church, such as an addition or diminution in the fabric or the utensils or ornaments of the church, cannot strictly be made without the legal sanction of the ordinary, which can only be expressed by the issue of a faculty. So a faculty would be required for a vault, for the removal of a body, for the purpose of erecting monuments, for alterations in a parsonage house, for brick graves, for the apportionment of a seat, &c. Cathedrals, however, are exempt from the necessity for a faculty before making alterations in the fabric, utensils or ornaments.
The court of faculties is the court of the archbishop for granting faculties. It is a court in which there is no litigation or holding of pleas. Its chief officer is called the master of faculties, and he is one and the same with the judge of the court of arches. Attached to the court of faculties are a registrar and deputy registrars, a chief clerk and record-keeper, and a seal keeper. In Scotland the society of advocates of the court of session, and local bodies of legal practitioners, are described as faculties.
FAED, THOMAS (1826–1900), British painter, born in Kirkcudbrightshire,
was the brother of John Faed, R.S.A., and
received his art education in the school of design, Edinburgh.
He was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in
1849, came to London three years later, was elected an associate
of the Royal Academy in 1861, and academician in 1864, and
retired in 1893. He had much success as a painter of domestic
genre, and had considerable executive capacity. Three of his
pictures, “The Silken Gown,” “Faults on Both Sides,” and “The
Highland Mother,” are in the National Gallery of British Art.
See William D. McKay, The Scottish School of Painting (1906).
FAENZA (anc. Faventia), a city and episcopal see of Emilia,
Italy, in the province of Ravenna, from which it is 31 m. S.W.
by rail, 110 ft. above sea-level. It is 31 m. S.E. of Bologna by
rail, on the line from Bologna to Rimini, and it is the junction
of a line to Florence through the Apennines. Pop. (1901)
21,809 (town), 39,757 (commune). The town is surrounded by
walls which date from 1456. The cathedral of S. Costanzo
stands in the spacious Piazza Vittorio Emanuele in the centre
of the town. It was begun in 1474 by Giuliano da Maiano;
the façade is, however, incomplete. In the interior is the
beautiful early Renaissance tomb of S. Savinus with reliefs
showing scenes from his life, of fine and fresh execution, by
Benedetto da Maiano; and later tombs by P. Bariloto, a local
sculptor. Opposite the cathedral is a fountain with bronze
ornamentation of 1583–1621. The clock tower alongside the
cathedral belongs to the 17th century. Beyond it is the Palazzo
Comunale, formerly the residence of the Manfredi, but entirely
reconstructed. The other churches of the town have been mostly
restored, but S. Michele (and the Palazzo Manfredi opposite it)
are fine early Renaissance buildings in brickwork. The municipal
art gallery contains an altar-piece by Girolamo da Treviso (who
also painted a fresco in the Chiesa della Commenda), a wooden
St Jerome by Donatello, and a bust of the young St John by
Antonio Rossellino (?), and some fine specimens of majolica,
a variety of which, faience, takes its name from the town. It
was largely manufactured in the 15th and 16th centuries, and
the industry has been revived in modern times with success.
The ancient Faventia, on the Via Aemilia, was obviously from its name founded by the Romans and had the citizenship before the Social War. It was the scene of the defeat of C. Papirius Carbo and C. Norbanus by Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius in 82 B.C. In the census of Vespasian a woman of Faventia is said to have given her age as 135. Pliny speaks of the whiteness of its linen, and the productiveness of its vines is mentioned. It is noticeable that some of the fields in the territory of the ancient Faventia still preserve the exact size of the ancient Roman centuria of 200 iugeri (E. Bormann in Corp. Inscr. Lat. xi., Berlin, 1888, p. 121). When the exarchate was established, the town became part of it, and in 748 it was taken by Liutprand. Desiderius gave it to the church with the duchy of Ferrara. In the 11th century it began to increase in importance. In the wars of the 12th and 13th centuries it at first took the imperial side, but in 1240 it stood a long siege from Frederick II. and was only taken after eight months. After further struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Manfredi made themselves masters of the place early in the 14th century, and remained in power until 1501, when the town was taken by Caesar Borgia and the last legitimate members of the house of the Manfredi were drowned in the Tiber; and, after falling for a few years into the hands of the Venetians, it became a part of the states of the church in 1509. (T. As.)
FAEROE (also written Faroe or The Faeroes, Danish
Faeröerne or Färöerne, “the sheep islands”), a group of islands
in the North Sea belonging to Denmark. They are situated
between Iceland and the Shetland Islands, about 200 m. N.W.
of the latter, about the intersection of 7° E. with 62° N. The
total land area of the group is 511 sq. m., and there are twenty-one
islands (excluding small rocks and reefs), of which seventeen
are inhabited. The population in 1880 amounted to 11,220,
and in 1900 to 15,230. The principal islands are Strömö, on
which is the chief town, Thorshavn, with a population of 1656;
Osterö, Süderö, Vaagö, Sandö and Bordö. They consist throughout
of rocks and hills, separated from each other by narrow valleys
or ravines; but, though the hills rise abruptly, there are often
on their summits, or at different stages of their ascent, plains of
considerable magnitude. Almost everywhere they present to
the sea perpendicular cliffs, broken into fantastic forms, affording
at every turn, to those who sail along the coast, the most
picturesque and varied scenery. The highest hills are Slättaretindur
in Osterö, and Kopende and Skellingfjeld in Strömö,
which rise respectively to 2894, 2592 and 2520 ft. The sea
pierces the islands in deep fjords, or separates them by narrow
inlets through which tidal currents set with great violence, at
speeds up to seven or eight knots an hour; and, as communications
are maintained almost wholly by boat, the natives have
need of expert watermanship. There are several lakes in which
trout are abundant, and char also occur; the largest is Sörvaag
Lake in Vaagö, which is close to the sea, and discharges into it
by a sheer fall of about 160 ft. Trees are scarce, and there is
evidence that they formerly flourished where they cannot do
so now.
The fundamental formation is a series of great sheets of columnar basalt, 70 to 100 ft. thick, in which are intercalated thin beds of tuff. Upon the basalt rests the so-called Coal formation, 35 to 50 ft. thick; the lower part of this is mainly fireclay and sandstone, the upper part is weathered clay with thin layers of brown coal and shale. The coal is found in Süderö and in some of the other islands in sufficient quantity to make it a matter of exploitation. Above these beds there are layers of dolerite, 15 to 20 ft. thick, with nodular segregations and abundant cavities which are often lined with zeolites. As the rocks lie in a horizontal position, on most of the islands of the group only the basalts or dolerite are visible. The crater from which the volcanic rocks were outpoured probably lies off the Faeroe Bank some distance to the south-west of Süderö. The basalts are submarine flows which formed the basis of the land
