returned to Madrid, having failed in his mission, and was almost immediately recalled by Clarendon on the plea that he had exceeded his instructions. He died very shortly afterwards before leaving Madrid, on the 26th of June 1666. He had a family of fourteen children, of whom five only survived him, Richard, the youngest, succeeding as second baronet and dying unmarried in 1694.
As a translator, whether from the Italian, Latin, Portuguese or Spanish, Fanshawe has a considerable reputation. His Pastor Fido and his Lusiad have not been superseded by later scholars, and his rendering of the latter is praised by Southey and Sir Richard Burton. As an original poet also the few verses he has left are sufficient evidence of exceptional literary talent.
Authorities.—Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe, written in 1676 and published 1829 (from an inaccurate transcript); these were reprinted from the original manuscript and edited by H. C. Fanshawe (London, 1907); article in the Dict. of Nat. Biography and authorities there quoted; Biographia Brit. (Kippis); Original Letters of Sir R. F. (2 vols., 1724), the earlier edition of 1702 with portrait being only vol. i. of this edition; Notes Genealogical and Historical of the Fanshawe Family (1868–1872); funeral sermon by H. Bagshaw; Nicholas Papers (Camden Society); Quarterly Review, xxvii. 1; Macmillan’s Mag. lvii. 279; Camoen’s Life and Lusiads, by Sir F. Burton, i. 135; Clarendon’s State Papers, Calendars of State Papers, Autobiography and Hist. of the Rebellion; Athenaeum (1883), i. 121; Add. MSS. British Museum, 15,228 (poems); Harl. MSS. Brit. Mus. 7010 (letters). (P. C. Y.)
FANTAN, a form of gambling highly popular among the
Chinese. The game is simple. A square is marked in the centre
of an ordinary table, or a square piece of metal is laid on it,
the sides being marked 1, 2, 3 and 4. The banker puts on the
table a double handful of small coins—in China “cash”—or
similar articles, which he covers with a metal bowl. The players
bet on the numbers, setting their stakes on the side of the square
which bears the number selected. When all have staked, the
bowl is removed, and the banker or croupier with a small stick
removes coins from the heap, four at a time, till the final batch
is reached. If it contains four coins, the backer of No. 4 wins;
if three, the backer of No. 3 wins, and so on. Twenty-five per
cent is deducted from the stake by the banker, and the winner
receives five times the amount of his stake thus reduced. In
Macao, the Monte Carlo of China, play goes on day and night,
every day of the week, and bets can be made from 5 cents to
500 dollars, which are the limits.
Fantan is also the name of a card game, played with an ordinary pack, by any number of players up to eight. The deal decided, the cards are dealt singly, any that are left over forming a stock, and being placed face downwards on the table. Each player contributes a fixed stake or “ante.” The first player can enter if he has an ace; if he has not he pays an “ante” and takes a card from the stock; the second player is then called upon and acts similarly till an ace is played. This (and the other aces when played) is put face upwards on the table, and the piles are built up from the ace to the king. The pool goes to the player who first gets rid of all his cards. If a player fails to play, having a playable card, he is fined the amount of the ante for every card in the other players’ hands.
FANTASIA (Italian for “fantasy,” a causing to be seen,
from Greek, φαίνειν, to show), a name in music sometimes loosely
used for a composition which has little structural form, and
appears to be an improvization; and also for a combination or
medley of familiar airs connected together with original passages
of more or less brilliance. The word, however, was originally
applied to more formal compositions, based on the madrigal,
for several instruments. Fantasias appear as distinct compositions
in Bach’s works, and also joined to a fugue, as in the
“Great Fantasia and Fugue” in A minor, and the “Fantasia
cromatica” in D minor. Brahms used the name for his shorter
piano pieces. It is also applied to orchestral compositions “not
long enough to be called symphonic poems and not formal
enough to be called overtures” (Sir C. Hubert Parry, in Grove’s
Dictionary of Music, ed. 1906). The Italian word is still used in
Tunis, Algeria and Morocco, with the meaning of “showing
off,” for an acrobatic exhibition of horsemanship by the Arabs.
The riders fire their guns, throw them and their lances into the
air, and catch them again, standing or kneeling in the saddle,
all at a full gallop.
FANTI, MANFREDO (1806–1865), Italian general, was born
at Carpi and educated at the military college of Modena. In
1831 he was implicated in the revolutionary movement organized
by Ciro Menotti (see Francis IV., of Modena), and was condemned
to death and hanged in effigy, but escaped to France,
where he was given an appointment in the French corps of
engineers. In 1833 he took part in Mazzini’s abortive attempt
to invade Savoy, and in 1835 he went to Spain to serve in Queen
Christina’s army against the Carlists. There he remained for
thirteen years, distinguishing himself in battle and rising to a
high staff appointment. But on the outbreak of the war between
Piedmont and Austria in 1848 he hurried back to Italy, and
although at first his services were rejected both by the Piedmontese
government and the Lombard provisional government,
he was afterwards given the command of a Lombard brigade.
In the general confusion following on Charles Albert’s defeat
on the Mincio and his retreat to Milan, where the people rose
against the unhappy king, Fanti’s courage and tact saved the
situation. He was elected member of the Piedmontese chamber
in 1849, and on the renewal of the campaign he again commanded
a Lombard brigade under General Ramorino. After the Piedmontese
defeat at Novara (23rd of March) peace was made,
but a rising broke out at Genoa, and Fanti with great difficulty
restrained his Lombards from taking part in it. But he was
suspected as a Mazzinian and a soldier of fortune by the higher
Piedmontese officers, and they insisted on his being court-martialled
for his operations under Ramorino (who had been
tried and shot). Although honourably acquitted, he was not
employed again until the Crimean expedition of 1855. In the
second Austrian war in 1859 Fanti commanded the 2nd division,
and contributed to the victories of Palestro, Magenta and San
Martino. After the peace of Villafranca he was sent to organize
the army of the Central Italian League (composed of the provisional
governments of Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna),
and converted it in a few months into a well-drilled body of
45,000 men, whose function was to be ready to intervene in the
papal states on the outbreak of a revolution. He showed
statesmanlike qualities in steering a clear course between
the exaggerated prudence of Baron Ricasoli, who wished to
recall the troops from the frontier, and the impetuosity of
Garibaldi, his second-in-command, who was anxious to invade
Romagna prematurely, even at the risk of Austrian intervention.
Fanti’s firmness led to Garibaldi’s resignation. In January
1860 Fanti became minister of war and marine under Cavour,
and incorporated the League’s army in that of Piedmont. In
the meanwhile Garibaldi had invaded Sicily with his Thousand,
and King Victor Emmanuel decided at last that he too must
intervene; Fanti was given the chief command of a strong
Italian force which invaded the papal states, seized Ancona
and other fortresses, and defeated the papal army at Castelfidardo,
where the enemy’s commander, General Lamoricière,
was captured. In three weeks Fanti had conquered the Marche
and Umbria and taken 28,000 prisoners. When the army entered
Neapolitan territory the king took the chief command, with
Fanti as chief of the staff. After defeating a large Neapolitan
force at Mola and organizing the siege operations round Gaeta,
Fanti returned to the war office at Turin to carry out important
army reforms. His attitude in opposing the admission of
Garibaldi’s 7000 officers into the regular army with their own
grades made him the object of great unpopularity for a time,
and led to a severe reprimand from Cavour. On the death of
the latter (7th of June 1861) he resigned office and took command
of the VII. army corps. But his health had now broken down,
and after four years’ suffering he died in Florence on the 5th of
April 1865. His lose was greatly felt in the war of 1866.
See Carandini, Vita di M. Fanti (Verona, 1872); A. Di Giorgio, Il Generale M. Fanti (Florence, 1906). (L. V.*)
FANTI, a nation of Negroes, inhabiting part of the seaboard
of the Gold Coast colony, British West Africa, and about 20,000
