(John Badcock, fl. 1816–1830, also known as “John Hunds”) to his
useful edition of Foote’s Works (3 vols., 1830). Various particulars
will be found in Tate Wilkinson’s Wandering Patentee (York, 1795)
and in other sources. There is an admirable essay on Foote, reprinted
with additions, from the Quarterly Review, in John Forster’s
Biographical Essays (1858). A recent life of Foote is by Percy
Fitzgerald (1910).
(A. W. W.)
FOOTMAN, a name given among articles of furniture to a
metal stand, usually of polished steel or brass, and either oblong
or oval in shape, for keeping plates and dishes hot before a dining-room
fire. In the days before the general use of hot-water dishes
the footman possessed definite utility, but although it is still
in occasional use, it is now chiefly regarded as an ornament.
It was especially common in the hardware counties of England,
where it is still frequently seen; the simple conventionality
of its form is not inelegant.
FOOTSCRAY, a city of Bourke county, Victoria, Australia,
on the Saltwater river, 4 m. W. of and suburban to Melbourne.
Pop. (1901) 18,301. The city has large bluestone quarries from
which most of the building stones in Melbourne and the neighbourhood
is obtained; it is also an important manufacturing centre,
with numerous sugar-mills, jute factories, soap works, woollen-mills,
foundries, chemical works and many other minor industries.
FOOT-STALL, a word supposed to be a literal translation of
pièdestal, or pedestal, the lower part of a pier in architecture
(see Base).
FOPPA, VINCENZO, Italian painter, was born near Brescia.
The dates of his birth and death used to be given as 1400 and
1492; but there is now good reason for substituting 1427 and
1515. He settled in Pavia towards 1456, and was the head of a
Lombard school of painting which subsisted up to the advent
of Leonardo da Vinci. In 1489 he returned to Brescia. His
contemporary reputation was very considerable, his merit in
perspective and foreshortening being recognized especially.
Among his noted works are a fresco in the Brera Gallery, Milan,
the “Martyrdom of St Sebastian”; and a “Crucifixion” in
the Carrara gallery, Bergamo, executed in 1455. He worked
much in Milan and in Genoa, but many of his paintings are
now lost.
See C. J. Ffoulkes and R. Maiocchi, Vincenzo Foppa (1910).
FORAGE, food for cattle or horses, chiefly the provender
collected for the food of the horses of an army. In early usage
the word was confined to the dried forage as opposed to grass.
From this word comes “foray,” an expedition in search of
“forage,” and hence a pillaging expedition, a raid. The word
“forage,” directly derived from the Fr. fourrage, comes from a
common Teutonic origin, and appears in “fodder,” food for
cattle. The ultimate Indo-European root, pat, cf. Gr. πατεῖσθαι,
Lat. pascere, to feed, gives “food,” “feed,” “foster”; and
appears also in such Latin derivatives as “pastor,” “pasture.”
FORAIN, J. L. (1852– ), French painter and illustrator,
was born in 1852. He became one of the leading modern
Parisian caricaturists, who in his merciless exposure of the
weaknesses of the bourgeoisie continued the work which was
begun by Daumier under the second Empire. The scathing
bitterness of his satire is as clearly derived from Daumier as his
pictorial style can be traced to Manet and Degas; but even in
his painting he never suppresses the caustic spirit that drives
him to caricature. He has, indeed, been rightly called “a Degas
pushed on to caricature.” In his pen-and-ink work he combines
extraordinary economy of means with the utmost power of
expression and suggestion. Forain’s popularity dates from the
publication of his Comédie parisienne, a series of two hundred
and fifty sketches republished in book form. He has contributed
many admirable, if sometimes over-daring, pages to the Figaro,
Le Rire, L’Assiette au beurre, Le Courrier français, and L’Indiscret.
His political drawings for the Figaro were republished
in book form under the title of Doux Pays.
FORAKER, JOSEPH BENSON (1846– ), American
political leader, was born near Rainsboro, Highland county,
Ohio, on the 5th of July 1846. He passed his early life on a
farm, enlisted as a private in the 89th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
in July 1862, served throughout the Civil War, for part of the
time as an aide on the staff of General H. W. Slocum, and in
1865 received a captain’s brevet for “efficient services during
the campaigns in North Carolina and Georgia.” After the war
he spent two years at the Ohio Wesleyan University and two
years at Cornell. In 1869 he was admitted to the Ohio bar and
began practice in Cincinnati. He was a judge of the Cincinnati
Superior Court from 1879 to 1882. In 1883 he was the Republican
candidate for governor of Ohio, but was defeated; in 1885
and 1887, however, he was elected, but was again defeated in
1889. He then for eight years practised law with great success
in Cincinnati. In 1896 he was elected United States senator
to succeed Calvin S. Brice (1845–1898); in 1902 was re-elected
and served until 1909. In the Senate he was one of the aggressive
Republican leaders, strongly supporting the administration of
President M’Kinley (whose name he presented to the Republican
National Conventions of 1896 and 1900) in the debates preceding,
during, and immediately following the Spanish-American War,
and later, during the administration of President Roosevelt,
was conspicuous among Republican leaders for his independence.
He vigorously opposed various measures advocated by the
president, and led the opposition to the president’s summary
discharge of certain negro troops after the Brownsville raid of
the 13th of August 1906 (see Brownsville, Texas).
FORAMINIFERA, in zoology, a subdivision of Protozoa, the name selected for this enormous class being that given by A. D’Orbigny in 1826 to the shells characteristic of the majority of the species. He regarded them as minute Cephalopods, whose chambers communicated by pores (foramina). Later on their true nature was discovered by F. Dujardin, working on living forms, and he referred them to his Rhizopoda, characterized by pseudopodia given off from the sarcode (protoplasm) as organs of prehension and locomotion. W. B. Carpenter in 1862 differentiated the group nearly in its present limits as “Reticularia”; and since then it has been rendered more natural by the removal of a number of simple forms (mostly freshwater) with branching but not reticulate pseudopods, to Filosa, a distinct subclass, now united with Lobosa into the restricted class of Rhizopoda.
Fig. 1A.—Lieberkühnia, with reticulate pseudopodia.
Anatomy.—Protista Sarcodina, with simple protoplasmic bodies of granular surface, emitting processes which branch and anastomose freely, either from the whole surface or from one or more elongated processes (“stylopods”); nucleus one or more (not yet demonstrated in some little known simple forms), usually in genetic relation to granules or strands of matter of similar composition, the “chromidia” scattered through the protoplasm; body naked, or provided with a permanent investment (shell or test), membranous, gelatinous, arenaceous (of compacted or cemented granules), calcareous, or very rarely (in deep sea forms) siliceous, sometimes freely perforated, but never latticed; opening by one or more permanent apertures (“pylomes”) or crevices between compacted sand-granules, often very complex; reproduction by fission (only in simplest naked forms), or by brood formation; in the latter case one mode of brood formation (A) eventuates in amoebiform embryos, the other (B) in flagellate zoospores which are exogamous