throughout the States. The attempt to carry letters also was stopped by the government as interfering with the post office. In 1854 began the amalgamation of many of the companies. Thus under the name of the Adams Express Company the services started by Harnden and Adams were consolidated. The lines connecting the west and east by Albany, Buffalo and the lakes were consolidated in the American Express Company, under the direction of William G. Fargo (q.v.), Henry Wells and Johnston Livingston, while another company, Wells, Fargo & Co., operated on the Pacific coast. The celebrated “Pony Express” was started in 1860 between San Francisco and St Joseph, Missouri, the time scheduled being eight days. The service was carried on by relays of horses, with stations 25 m. apart. The charge made for the service was $2.50 per 12 oz. The completion of the Pacific Telegraph Company line in 1861 was followed by the discontinuance of the regular service.
The name “express” is applied to a rifle having high velocity, flat trajectory and long fixed-sight ranges; and an “express-bullet” is a light bullet with a heavy charge of powder used in such a rifle (see Rifle).
EXPROPRIATION, the taking away or depriving of property
(Late Lat. expropriare, to take away, proprium, i.e. that which
is one’s own). The term is particularly applied to the compulsory
acquisition of private property by the state or other public
authority.
EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere), the act of driving
out, or of removing a person from the membership of a body
or the holding of an office, or of depriving him of the right of
attending a meeting, &c. In the United Kingdom the House
of Commons can by resolution expel a member. Such resolution
cannot be questioned by any court of law. But expulsion is
only resorted to in cases where members are guilty of offences
rendering them unfit for a seat in the House, such as being in
open rebellion, being guilty of forgery, perjury, fraud or breach
of trust, misappropriation of public money, corruption, conduct
unbecoming the character of an officer and a gentleman, &c. It
is customary to order the member, if absent, to attend in his
place, before an order is made for his expulsion (see May, Parliamentary
Practice, 1906, p. 56 seq.). Municipal corporations or
other local government bodies have no express power to expel
a member, except in such cases where the law declares the
member to have vacated his seat, or where power is given by
statute to declare the member’s seat vacant. In the cases of
officers and servants of the crown, tenure varies with the nature
of the office. Some officials hold their offices ad vitam aut
culpam or dum bene se gesserunt, others can be dismissed at any
time and without reason assigned and without compensation.
In the case of membership of a voluntary association (club, &c. )
the right of expulsion depends upon the rules, and must be
exercised in good faith. Courts of justice have jurisdiction to
prevent the improper expulsion of the member of a voluntary
association where that member has a right of property in the
association. In the case of meetings, where the meeting is one
of a public body, any person not a member of the body is
entitled to be present only on sufferance, and may be expelled
on a resolution of the body. In the case of ordinary public
meetings those who convene the meeting stand in the position
of licensors to those attending and may revoke the licence and
expel any person who creates disorder or makes himself otherwise
objectionable.
Expulsion of Aliens.—Under the Naturalization Act of 1870, the last of the civil disqualifications affecting aliens in England was removed. The political disqualifications which remained only applied to electoral rights. In the very exceptional cases in which it was retained in the statute book, expulsion was considered to have fallen into desuetude, but it has been revived by the Aliens Act of 1905 (5 Edw. VII. c. 13). Under this act powers are given to the secretary of state to make an order requiring an alien to leave the United Kingdom within a time fixed by the order and thereafter to remain outside the United Kingdom, subject to certain conditions, provided it is certified to him that the alien has been convicted of any felony or misdemeanour or other offence for which the court has power to impose imprisonment without the option of a fine, &c., or that he has been sentenced in a foreign country with which there is an extradition treaty, for a crime not being an offence of a political character. There are also provisions applicable within one year, after the alien has entered the United Kingdom in the case of pauper aliens. Precautions are taken to prevent, as far as possible, any abuse of the power of expulsion. Under the French law of expulsion (December 3, 1849) there are no such precautions, the minister of the interior having an absolute discretion to order any foreigner as a measure of public policy to leave French territory and in fact to have him taken immediately to the frontier.
EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out; tendere, to stretch), in general,
the action of straining or stretching out. It is usually employed
metaphorically (cf. the phrase an “extension of time,” a period
allowed in excess of what has been agreed upon). It is used
as a technical term in logic to describe the total number of
objects to which a given term may be applied; thus the meaning
of the term “King” in “extension” means the kings of England,
Italy, Spain, &c. (cf. Denotation), while in “intension” it
means the attributes which taken together make up the idea of
kinghood (see Connotation). In psychology the literal sense
of extension is retained, i.e. “spread-outness.” The perception
of space by the senses of sight and touch, as opposed to semi-spatial
perceptions by smell and hearing, is that of “continuous
expanse composed of positions separated and connected by
distances” (Stout); to this the term “extension” is applied.
The perception of separate objects involves position and distance,
but these taken together are not extension, which necessarily
implies continuity. To move one’s finger along the keys of a
piano gives both the position and the distance of the keys;
to move it along the frame gives the idea of extension. By
expanding this idea we obtain the conception of all space as
an extended whole. To this perception are necessary both form
and material. It should be observed the actual quality of a
stimulus (rough, smooth, dry, &c. ) has nothing to do with the
spatial perception as such, which is concerned purely with what
is known as “local signature.” The elementary undifferentiated
sensation excited by the stimuli exerted by a continuous whole
is known as its “extensive quantity” or “extensity.” The
term has to do not with the kind of object which excites the
sensation, but simply with the vague massiveness of the latter.
As such it is distinguishable in thought from extension, though
it is not easy to say whether and if so how far the quantitative
aspect of space can exist apart from spatial order. Extensity
as an element in the complex of extension must be carefully
distinguished from intensity. Mere increase of pressure implies
increase of intensity of sensation; to increase the extensity
the area, so to speak, of the exciting stimulus must be increased.
Thus the extensity (also called “voluminousness,” or “massiveness”)
of the sensation produced by a roll of thunder is greater
than that produced by a whistle or the bark of a dog. It should
be observed that this application of the idea of extensity to
sensation in general, rather than to the matter which is the
exciting stimulus, is only an analogy, an attempt to explain
a common psychic phenomenon by terminology which is intrinsically
suitable to the physical. As a natural consequence
the term represents different shades of meaning in different
treatises, verging sometimes towards the physical, sometimes
towards the psychic, meaning.
In connexion with extension elaborate psycho-physical experiments have been devised, e.g. with the object of comparing the accuracy of tactual and visual perception and discovering what are the least differences which each can observe. At a distance two lights appear as one, just as two stars distinguishable through a telescope are one to the naked eye (see Vision): again if the points of a compass are brought close together and pressed lightly on the skin the sensation, though vague and diffused, is a single one.
See Psychology and works there quoted; also Space and Time.
