idea of a commercial life and resolved to devote himself entirely to literature. His repudiation of the political poetry of 1841 and its revolutionary ideals attracted the attention of the king of Prussia, Frederick William IV., who, in 1842, granted him a pension of 300 talers a year. He married, and, to be near his friend Emanuel Geibel, settled at St Goar. Before long, however, Freiligrath was himself carried away by the rising tide of liberalism. In the poem Ein Glaubensbekenntnis (1844) he openly avowed his sympathy with the political movement led by his old adversary, Georg Herwegh; the day, he declared, of his own poetic trifling with Romantic themes was over; Romanticism itself was dead. He laid down his pension, and, to avoid the inevitable political persecution, took refuge in Switzerland. As a sequel to the Glaubensbekenntnis he published Ça ira! (1846), which strained still further his relations with the German authorities. He fled to London, where he resumed the commercial life he had broken off seven years before. When the Revolution of 1848 broke out, it seemed to Freiligrath, as to all the liberal thinkers of the time, the dawn of an era of political freedom; and, as may be seen from the poems in his collection of Politische und soziale Gedichte (1849–1851), he welcomed it with unbounded enthusiasm. He returned to Germany and settled in Düsseldorf; but it was not long before he had again called down upon himself the ill-will of the ruling powers by a poem, Die Toten an die Lebenden (1848). He was arrested on a charge of lèse-majesté, but the prosecution ended in his acquittal. New difficulties arose; his association with the democratic movement rendered him an object of constant suspicion, and in 1851 he judged it more prudent to go back to London, where he remained until 1868. In that year he returned to Germany, settling first in Stuttgart and in 1875 in the neighbouring town of Cannstatt, where he died on the 18th of March 1876.
As a poet, Freiligrath was the most gifted member of the German revolutionary group. Coming at the very close of the Romantic age, his own purely lyric poetry re-echoes for the most part the familiar thoughts and imagery of his Romantic predecessors; but at an early age he had been attracted by the work of French contemporary poets, and he reinvigorated the German lyric by grafting upon it the orientalism of Victor Hugo. In this reconciliation of French and German romanticism lay Freiligrath’s significance for the development of the lyric in Germany. His remarkable power of assimilating foreign literatures is also to be seen in his translations of English and Scottish ballads, of the poetry of Burns, Mrs Hemans, Longfellow and Tennyson (Englische Gedichte aus neuerer Zeit, 1846; The Rose, Thistle and Shamrock, 1853, 6th ed. 1887); he also translated Shakespeare’s Cymbeline, Winter’s Tale and Venus and Adonis, as well as Longfellow’s Hiawatha (1857). Freiligrath is most original in his revolutionary poetry. His poems of this class suffer, it is true, under the disadvantage of all political poetry—purely temporary interest and the unavoidable admixture of much that has no claim to be called poetry at all—but the agitator Freiligrath, when he is at his best, displays a vigour and strength, a power of direct and cogent poetic expression, not to be found in any other political singer of the age.
Freiligrath’s Gedichte have passed through some fifty editions, and his Gesammelte Dichtungen, first published in 1870, have reached a sixth edition (1898). Nachgelassenes (including a translation of Byron’s Mazeppa) was published in 1883. A selection of Freiligrath’s best-known poems in English translation was edited by his daughter, Mrs Freiligrath-Kroeker, in 1869; also Songs of a Revolutionary Epoch were translated by J. L. Joynes in 1888. Cp. E. Schmidt-Weissenfels, F. Freiligrath, eine Biographie (1876); W. Buchner, F. Freiligrath, ein Dichterleben in Briefen (2 vols., 1881); G. Freiligrath, Erinnerungen an F. Freiligrath (1889); P. Besson, Freiligrath (Paris, 1899); K. Richter, Freiligrath als Übersetzer (1899). (J. G. R.)
FREIND, JOHN (1675–1728), English physician, younger brother of Robert Freind (1667–1751), headmaster of Westminster
school, was born in 1675 at Croton in Northamptonshire.
He made great progress in classical knowledge under Richard
Busby at Westminster, and at Christ Church, Oxford, under
Dean Aldrich, and while still very young, produced, along with
Peter Foulkes, an excellent edition of the speeches of Aeschines
and Demosthenes on the affair of Ctesiphon. After this he began
the study of medicine, and having proved his scientific attainments
by various treatises was appointed a lecturer on chemistry
at Oxford in 1704. In the following year he accompanied the
English army, under the earl of Peterborough, into Spain, and
on returning home in 1707, wrote an account of the expedition,
which attained great popularity. Two years later he published
his Prelectiones chimicae, which he dedicated to Sir Isaac Newton.
Shortly after his return in 1713 from Flanders, whither he had
accompanied the British troops, he took up his residence in
London, where he soon obtained a great reputation as a physician.
In 1716 he became fellow of the college of physicians, of which
he was chosen one of the censors in 1718, and Harveian orator
in 1720. In 1722 he entered parliament as member for Launceston
in Cornwall, but, being suspected of favouring the cause of the
exiled Stuarts, he spent half of that year in the Tower. During
his imprisonment he conceived the plan of his most important
work, The History of Physic, of which the first part appeared
in 1725, and the second in the following year. In the latter year
he was appointed physician to Queen Caroline, an office which he
held till his death on the 26th of July 1728.
A complete edition of his Latin works, with a Latin translation of the History of Physic, edited by Dr John Wigan, was published in London in 1732.
FREINSHEIM [Freinshemius], JOHANN (1608–1660), German classical scholar and critic, was born at Ulm on the 16th of
November 1608. After studying at the universities of Marburg,
Giessen and Strassburg, he visited France, where he remained
for three years. He returned to Strassburg in 1637, and in
1642 was appointed professor of eloquence at Upsala. In 1647
he was summoned by Queen Christina to Stockholm as court
librarian and historiographer. In 1650 he resumed his professorship
at Upsala, but early in the following year he was obliged
to resign on account of ill-health. In 1656 he became honorary
professor at Heidelberg, and died on the 31st of August 1660.
Freinsheim’s literary activity was chiefly devoted to the Roman
historians. He first introduced the division into chapters and
paragraphs, and by means of carefully compiled indexes illustrated
the lexical peculiarities of each author. He is best known
for his famous supplements to Quintus Curtius and Livy, containing
the missing books written by himself. He also published
critical editions of Curtius and Florus.
FREIRE, FRANCISCO JOSÉ (1719–1773), Portuguese historian and philologist, was born at Lisbon on the 3rd of January 1719. He belonged to the monastic society of St Philip Neri,
and was a zealous member of the literary association known as
the Academy of Arcadians, in connexion with which he adopted
the pseudonym of Candido Lusitano. He contributed much
to the improvement of the style of Portuguese prose literature,
but his endeavour to effect a reformation in the national poetry
by a translation of Horace’s Ars poëtica was less successful. The
work in which he set forth his opinions regarding the vicious
taste pervading the current Portuguese prose literature is entitled
Maximas sobre a Arte Oratoria (1745) and is preceded by a chronological
table forming almost a social and physical history of
Portugal. His best known work, however, is his Vida do
Infante D. Henrique (1758), which has given him a place in the
first rank of Portuguese historians, and has been translated into
French (Paris, 1781). He also wrote a poetical dictionary
(Diccionario poetico) and a translation of Racine’s Athalie (1762),
and his Réflexions sur la langue portugaise was published in 1842
by the Lisbon society for the promotion of useful knowledge.He died at Mafra on the 5th of July 1773.
FREISCHÜTZ, in German folklore, a marksman who by a
compact with the devil has obtained a certain number of bullets
destined to hit without fail whatever object he wishes. As the
legend is usually told, six of the Freikugeln or “free bullets”
are thus subservient to the marksman’s will, but the seventh is
at the absolute disposal of the devil himself. Various methods
were adopted in order to procure possession of the marvellous
missiles. According to one the marksman, instead of swallowing
the sacramental host, kept it and fixed it on a tree, shot at it
