and caused it to bleed great drops of blood, gathered the drops on a piece of cloth and reduced the whole to ashes, and then with these ashes added the requisite virtue to the lead of which his bullets were made. Various vegetable or animal substances had the reputation of serving the same purpose. Stories about the Freischütz were especially common in Germany during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries; but the first time that the legend was turned to literary profit is said to have been by Apel in the Gespensterbuch or “Book of Ghosts.” It formed the subject of Weber’s opera Der Freischütz (1821), the libretto of which was written by Friedrich Kind, who had suggested Apel’s story as an excellent theme for the composer. The name by which the Freischütz is known in French is Robin des Bois.
See Kind, Freyschützbuch (Leipzig, 1843); Revue des deux mondes (February 1855); Grässe, Die Quelle des Freischütz (Dresden, 1875).
FREISING, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria,
on the Isar, 16 m. by rail N.N.E. of Munich. Pop. (1905) 13,538.
Among its eight Roman Catholic churches the most remarkable
is the cathedral, which dates from about 1160 and is famous for
its curious crypt. Noteworthy also are the old palace of the
bishops, now a clerical seminary, the theological lyceum and the
town-hall. There are several schools in the town, and there is a
statue to the chronicler, Otto of Freising, who was bishop here
from 1138 to 1158. Freising has manufactures of agricultural
machinery and of porcelain, while printing and brewing are carried
on. Near the town is the site of the Benedictine abbey of
Weihenstephan, which existed from 725 to 1803. This is now
a model farm and brewery. Freising is a very ancient town and
is said to have been founded by the Romans. After being
destroyed by the Hungarians in 955 it was fortified by the emperor
Otto II. in 976 and by Duke Welf of Bavaria in 1082. A bishopric
was established here in 724 by St Corbinianus, whose brother
Erimbert was consecrated second bishop by St Boniface in 739.
Later on the bishops acquired considerable territorial power
and in the 17th century became princes of the Empire. In
1802 the see was secularized, the bulk of its territories being
assigned to Bavaria and the rest to Salzburg, of which Freising
had been a suffragan bishopric. In 1817 an archbishopric
was established at Freising, but in the following year it was
transferred to Munich. The occupant of the see is now called
archbishop of Munich and Freising.
See C. Meichelbeck, Historiae Frisingensis (Augsburg, 1724–1729, new and enlarged edition 1854).
FRÉJUS, a town in the department of the Var in S.E. France.
Pop. (1906) 3430. It is 2812 m. S.E. of Draguignan (the chief
town of the department), and 2212 m. S.W. of Cannes by rail. It
is only important on account of the fine Roman remains that it
contains, for it is now a mile from the sea, its harbour having been
silted up by the deposits of the Argens river. Since the 4th
century it has been a bishop’s see, which is in the ecclesiastical
province of Aix en Provence. In modern times the neighbouring
fishing village at St Raphaël (212 m. by rail S.E., and on the seashore)
has become a town of 4865 inhabitants (in 1901); in 1799
Napoleon disembarked there on his return from Egypt, and reembarked
for Elba in 1814, while nowadays it is much frequented
as a health resort, as is also Valescure (2 m. N.W. on the heights
above). The cathedral church in part dates from the 12th century,
but only small portions of the old medieval episcopal palace
are now visible, as it was rebuilt about 1823. The ramparts of
the old town can still be traced for a long distance, and there
are fragments of two moles, of the theatre and of a gate. The
amphitheatre, which seated 12,000 spectators, is in a better state
of preservation. The ruins of the great aqueduct which brought
the waters of the Siagnole, an affluent of the Siagne, to the town,
can still be traced for a distance of nearly 19 m. The original
hamlet was the capital of the tribe of the Oxybii, while the town
of Forum Julii was founded on its site by Julius Caesar in order
to secure to the Romans a harbour independent of that of
Marseilles. The buildings of which ruins exist were mostly
built by Caesar or by Augustus, and show that it was an important
naval station and arsenal. But the town suffered much at the
hands of the Arabs, of Barbary pirates, and of its inhabitants,
who constructed many of their dwellings out of the ruined Roman
buildings. The ancient harbour (really but a portion of the
lagoons, which had been deepened) is now completely silted
up. Even in early times a canal had to be kept open by perpetual
digging, while about 1700 this was closed, and now a sandy
and partly cultivated waste extends between the town and the
seashore.
See J. A. Aubenas, Histoire de Fréjus (Fréjus, 1881); Ch. Lenthéric, La Provence Maritime ancienne et moderne (Paris, 1880), chap. vii. (W. A. B. C.)
FRELINGHUYSEN, FREDERICK THEODORE (1817–1885),
American lawyer and statesman, of Dutch descent, was born at
Millstone, New Jersey, on the 4th of August 1817. His grandfather,
Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), was an eminent
lawyer, one of the framers of the first New Jersey constitution,
a soldier in the War of Independence, and a member (1778–1779
and 1782–1783) of the Continental Congress from New Jersey,
and in 1793–1796 of the United States senate; and his uncle,
Theodore (1787–1862), was attorney-general of New Jersey
from 1817 to 1829, was a United States senator from New
Jersey in 1829–1835, was the Whig candidate for vice-president
on the Clay ticket in 1844, and was chancellor of the university
of New York in 1839–1850 and president of Rutgers College
in 1850–1862. Frederick Theodore, left an orphan at the age of
three, was adopted by his uncle, graduated at Rutgers in 1836,
and studied law in Newark with his uncle, to whose practice
he succeeded in 1839, soon after his admission to the bar. He
became attorney for the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the
Morris Canal and Banking Company, and other corporations,
and from 1861 to 1867 was attorney-general of New Jersey.
In 1861 he was a delegate to the peace congress at Washington,
and in 1866 was appointed by the governor of New Jersey, as
a Republican, to fill a vacancy in the United States senate.
In the winter of 1867 he was elected to fill the unexpired term,
but a Democratic majority in the legislature prevented his
re-election in 1869. In 1870 he was nominated by President
Grant, and confirmed by the senate, as United States minister
to England to succeed John Lothrop Motley, but declined the
mission. From 1871 to 1877 he was again a member of the United
States senate, in which he was prominent in debate and in committee
work, and was chairman of the committee on foreign
affairs during the Alabama Claims negotiations. He was a strong
opponent of the reconstruction measures of President Johnson,
for whose conviction he voted (on most of the specific charges)
in the impeachment trial. He was a member of the joint committee
which drew up and reported (1877) the Electoral Commission
Bill, and subsequently served as a member of the commission.
On the 12th of December 1881 he was appointed
secretary of state by President Arthur to succeed James G.
Blaine, and served until the inauguration of President Cleveland
in 1885. Retiring, with his health impaired by overwork, to
his home in Newark, he died there on the 20th of May, less than
three months after relinquishing the cares of office.
FREMANTLE, a seaport of Swan county, Western Australia,
at the mouth of the Swan river, 12 m. by rail S.W. of Perth.
It is the terminus of the Eastern railway, and is a town of
some industrial activity, shipbuilding, soap-boiling, saw-milling,
smelting, iron-founding, furniture-making, flour-milling, brewing
and tanning being its chief industries. The harbour, by the
construction of two long moles and the blasting away of the rocks
at the bar, has been rendered secure. The English, French and
German mail steamers call at the port. Fremantle became a
municipality in 1871; but there are now three separate municipalities—Fremantle,
with a population in 1901 of 14,704;
Fremantle East (2494); and Fremantle North (3246). At Rottnest
Island, off the harbour, there are government salt-works
and a residence of the governor, also penal and reformatory
establishments.
FRÉMIET, EMMANUEL (1824–), French sculptor, born
in Paris, was a nephew and pupil of Rude; he chiefly devoted
himself to animal sculpture and to equestrian statues in armour.
His earliest work was in scientific lithography (osteology), and
