to be done for the protection of the freedmen could best be accomplished by new associations formed for that purpose. The Liberator was discontinued at the end of the same year, after an existence of thirty-five years. He visited England for the second time in 1846, and again in 1867, when he was received with distinguished honours, public as well as private. In 1877, when he was there for the last time, he declined every form of public recognition. He died in New York on the 24th of May 1879, in the seventy-fourth year of his age, and was buried in Boston, after a most impressive funeral service, four days later. In 1843 a small volume of his Sonnets and other Poems was published, and in 1852 appeared a volume of Selections from his Writings and Speeches. His wife, Helen Eliza Benson, died in 1876. Four sons and one daughter survived them.
Garrison’s son, William Lloyd Garrison (1838–1909), was a prominent advocate of the single tax, free trade, woman’s suffrage, and of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, and an opponent of imperialism; another son, Wendell Phillips Garrison (1840–1907), was literary editor of the New York Nation from 1865 to 1906.
The above article, with certain modifications, reproduces the account given in the 9th edition of this work by Oliver Johnson (reprinted from his Garrison: an Outline of his Life, New York, 1879). The writer (1809–1889) was a prominent Abolitionist, editor, and an intimate friend of Garrison; he edited the Liberator during Garrison’s absence in England in 1833, and later was an editor or an associate editor of various journals, including, after the Civil War, the New York Tribune and the New York Evening Post. He also published an excellent brief biography in William Lloyd Garrison and his Times (Boston, 1880).
The great authority on the life of Garrison is the thorough and candid work of his sons, W. P. and F. J. Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison 1805–1879: The Story of his Life told by his Children (4 vols., New York, 1885–1889), which is indispensable for the student of the anti-slavery struggle in America. Goldwin Smith’s The Moral Crusader: a Biographical Essay on William Lloyd Garrison (New York, 1892) is a brilliant sketch.
GARRISON, originally a term for stores or supplies, also a defence or protection, now confined in meaning to a body of troops stationed in a town or fortress for the purpose of defence. In form the word is derived from O. Fr. garison, modern guérison, from guérir, to furnish with stores, to preserve, but in its later meaning it has been confused with the Fr. garnison, the regular word for troops stationed for purposes of defence. In English “garnison” was used till the 16th century, when “garrison” took its place. In the British army “garrison troops,” especially “garrison artillery,” are troops trained and employed for garrison work as distinct from field operations.
GARROTE (Spanish for “cudgel”), an appliance used in
Spain and Portugal for the execution of criminals condemned
to death. The criminal is conducted to the place of execution
(which is public) on horseback or in a cart, wearing a black
tunic, and is attended by a procession of priests, &c. He is
seated on a scaffold fastened to an upright post by an iron collar
(the garrote), and a knob worked by a screw or lever dislocates
his spinal column, or a small blade severs the spinal column at
the base of the brain. (See Capital Punishment.) Originally a
stout cord or bandage was tied round the neck of the criminal,
who was seated in a chair fixed to a post. Between the cord and
the neck a stick was inserted (hence the name) and twisted till
strangulation ensued.
“Garrotting” is the name given in England to a form of robbery with violence which became rather common in the winter of 1862–1863. The thief came up behind his victim, threw a cord over his head, and tightened it nearly to strangulation point, while robbing him. An act of 1863, imposing the penalty of flogging in addition to penal servitude for this offence, had the effect of stopping garrotting almost entirely. At any rate, the practice was checked; and, though the opponents of any sort of flogging refuse to admit that this was due to the penalty, that view has always been taken by the English judges who had experience of such cases.
GARRUCHA, a seaport of south-eastern Spain, in the province
of Almeria; on the Mediterranean Sea and on the right bank of
the river Antas. Pop. (1900) 4461. The harbour of Garrucha,
which is defended by an ancient castle, affords shelter to large
ships, and is the natural outlet for the commerce of a thriving
agricultural and mining district. Despite its small size and the
want of railway communication, Garrucha has thus a considerable trade in lead, silver, copper, iron, esparto grass, fruit, &c. Besides sea-going ships, many small coasters enter in ballast, and
clear with valuable cargoes. In 1902, 135 vessels of 390,000 tons entered the harbour, the majority being British or Spanish; and in the same year the value of the exports reached £478,000, and that of the imports £128,000. Both imports and exports trebled their value in the ten years 1892–1902.
GARSTON, a seaport in the Widnes parliamentary division of
Lancashire, England, on the Mersey, 6 m. S.E. of Liverpool.
Pop. (1891) 13,444; (1901) 17,289. The docks, belonging to the
London & North Western railway company, employ most of the
working population. There is about a mile of quayage, with
special machinery for the shipping of coal, which forms the chief
article of export.
GARTH, SIR SAMUEL (1661–1719), English physician and
poet, was born of a good Yorkshire family in 1661. He entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1676, graduating B.A. in 1679 and M.A. in 1684. He took his M.D. and became a member of the College of Physicians in 1691. In 1697 he delivered the Harveian oration, in which he advocated a scheme dating from some ten
years back for providing dispensaries for the relief of the sick poor, as a protection against the greed of the apothecaries. In 1699 he published a mock-heroic poem, The Dispensary, in six cantos, which had an instant success, passing through three editions within a year. In this he ridiculed the apothecaries and their allies among the physicians. The poem has little interest at the present day, except as a proof that the heroic couplet was written with smoothness and polish before the days of Pope. Garth was a member of the Kit-Kat Club, and became the leading physician of the Whigs, as Radcliffe was of the Tories. In 1714
he was knighted by George I. and he died on the 18th of January
1719. He wrote little besides his best-known work The Dispensary
and Claremont, a moral epistle in verse. He made a Latin
oration (1700) in praise of Dryden and translated the Life of
Otho in the fifth volume of Dryden’s Plutarch. In 1717 he edited
a translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, himself supplying the
fourteenth and part of the fifteenth book.
GARTOK, a trade-market of Tibet, situated on the bank of the
Indus on the road between Shigatse and Leh, to the east of Simla.
In accordance with the Tibet treaty of 1904, Gartok, together
with Yatung and Gyantse, was thrown open to British trade.
On the return of the column from Lhasa in that year Gartok was
visited by a party under Captain Ryder, who found only a few
dozen people in winter quarters, their houses being in the midst
of a bare plain. In summer, however, all the trade between
Tibet and Ladakh passes through this place.
GARY, a city of Lake county, Indiana, U.S.A., at the southern end of Lake Michigan, about 25 m. S.E. of Chicago, Ill. Pop. (1910 census) 16,802. Gary is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Michigan Central, the Pennsylvania, the Wabash, and (for freight only) the Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern, and the Indiana Harbor Belt railways, and by several steamship lines plying the Great Lakes. There are about 21 sq. m. within the municipal limits, but the city lies chiefly within a tract of about 8000 acres composed at the time of its settlement mainly of sand dunes and swamps intersected from east to west by the Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet rivers, small streams respectively about 1 and 3 m. S. of the lake shore. In 1906 the United States Steel Corporation bought this tract to establish on it a great industrial community, as direct water connexion with the Lake Superior ore region was possible, and it was comparatively accessible to West Virginia coal and Michigan limestone, with unusual railroad facilities. The Steel Corporation began the actual building of the town in June 1906, the first step being the installation of an elaborate system of sewers, and of mains and conduits, for the distribution of water, gas and electricity. The water-supply is taken from the lake at a point 2 m. offshore by means of a tunnel. These public
