Extension Movement; and his first efforts in parliament were devoted to advocating the abolition of religious tests and the admission of Dissenters to the universities. His published works indicate how ably he combined the wise study of economics with a practical instinct for business-like progress, without neglecting the more ideal aspects of human life. In addition to his well-known work on The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges, he published several financial and political pamphlets and addresses on educational and social subjects, among them being that on Cultivation of the Imagination, Liverpool, 1877, and that on Intellectual Interest, Aberdeen, 1888. He also wrote The Life and Times of Georg Joachim Goschen, publisher and printer of Leipzig (1903). (H. Ch.)
GOS-HAWK, i.e. goose-hawk, the Astur palumbarius of
ornithologists, and the largest of the short-winged hawks used
in falconry. Its English name, however, has possibly been
transferred to this species from one of the long-winged hawks
or true falcons, since there is no tradition of the gos-hawk, now
so called, having ever been used in Europe to take geese or other
large and powerful birds. The genus Astur may be readily
distinguished from Falco by the smooth edges of its beak,
its short wings (not reaching beyond about the middle of the tail),
and its long legs and toes—though these last are stout and comparatively
shorter than in the sparrow-hawks (Accipiter). In
plumage the gos-hawk has a general resemblance to the peregrine
falcon, and it undergoes a corresponding change as it
advances from youth to maturity—the young being longitudinally
streaked beneath, while the adults are transversely barred.
The irides, however, are always yellow, or in old birds orange,
while those of the falcons are dark brown. The sexes differ
greatly in size. There can be little doubt that the gos-hawk,
nowadays very rare in Britain, was once common in England,
and even towards the end of the 18th century Thornton obtained
a nestling in Scotland, while Irish gos-hawks were of old highly
celebrated. Being strictly a woodland-bird, its disappearance
may be safely connected with the disappearance of the ancient
forests in Great Britain, though its destructiveness to poultry
and pigeons has doubtless contributed to its present scarcity.
In many parts of the continent of Europe it still abounds. It
ranges eastward to China and is much valued in India. In
North America it is represented by a very nearly allied species,
A. atricapillus, chiefly distinguished by the closer barring of
the breast. Three or four examples corresponding with this
form have been obtained in Britain. A good many other species
of Astur (some of them passing into Accipiter) are found in
various parts of the world, but the only one that need here be
mentioned is the A. novae-hollandiae of Australia, which is
remarkable for its dimorphism—one form possessing the normal
dark-coloured plumage of the genus and the other being perfectly
white, with crimson irides. Some writers hold these two forms
to be distinct species and call the dark-coloured one A. cinereus
or A. raii. (A. N.)
GOSHEN, a division of Egypt settled by the Israelites between
Jacob’s immigration and the Exodus. Its exact delimitation
is a difficult problem. The name may possibly be of Semitic,
or at least non-Egyptian origin, as in Palestine we meet with a
district (Josh. x. 41) and a city (ib. xv. 51) of the same name.
The Septuagint reads Γέσεμ Ἀραβίας in Gen. xlv. 10, and
xlvi. 34, elsewhere simply Γέσεμ. In xlvi. 28 “Goshen ... the
land of Goshen” are translated respectively “Heroopolis ...
the land of Rameses.” This represents a late Jewish
identification. Ptolemy defines “Arabia” as an Egyptian nome
on the eastern border of the delta, with capital Phacussa,
corresponding to the Egyptian nome Sopt and town Kesem.
It is doubtful whether Phacussa be situated at the mounds of
Fākūs, or at another place, Saft-el-Henneh, which suits Strabo’s
description of its locality rather better. The extent of Goshen,
according to the apocryphal book of Judith (i. 9, 10), included
Tanis and Memphis; this is probably an overstatement. It
is indeed impossible to say more than that it was a place of
good pasture, on the frontier of Palestine, and fruitful in edible
vegetables and in fish (Numbers xi. 5). (R. A. S. M.)
GOSHEN, a city and the county-seat of Elkhart county,
Indiana, U.S.A., on the Elkhart river, about 95 m. E. by S.
of Chicago, at an altitude of about 800 ft. Pop. (1890)
6033; (1900) 7810 (462 foreign-born); (1910) 8514. Goshen is
served by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and
the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railways, and is connected
by electric railway with Warsaw and South Bend. The city
has a Carnegie library, and is the seat of Goshen College (under
Mennonite control), chartered as Elkhart Institute, at Elkhart,
Ind., in 1895, and removed to Goshen and opened under its
present name in 1903. The college includes a collegiate department,
an academy, a Bible school, a normal school, a summer
school and correspondence courses, and schools of business,
of music and of oratory, and in 1908–1909 had 331 students,
73 of whom were in the Academy. Goshen is situated in
a good farming region and is an important lumber market.
There is a good water-power. Among the city’s manufactures
are wagons and carriages, furniture, wooden-ware, veneering,
sash and doors, ladders, lawn swings, rubber goods,
flour, foundry products and agricultural machinery. The
municipality owns its water works and its electric-lighting
system. Goshen was first settled in 1828 and was first chartered
as a city in 1868.
GOSLAR, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Hanover, romantically situated on the Gose, an affluent of the
Oker, at the north foot of the Harz, 24 m. S.E. of Hildesheim
and 31 m. S.W. from Brunswick, by rail. Pop. (1905) 17,817.
It is surrounded by walls and is of antique appearance. Among
the noteworthy buildings are the “Zwinger,” a tower with
walls 23 ft. thick; the market church, in the Romanesque
style, restored since its partial destruction by fire in 1844, and
containing the town archives and a library in which are some
of Luther’s manuscripts; the old town hall (Rathaus), possessing
many interesting antiquities; the Kaiserworth (formerly the
hall of the tailors’ gild and now an inn) with the statues of
eight of the German emperors; and the Kaiserhaus, the oldest
secular building in Germany, built by the emperor Henry III.
before 1050 and often the residence of his successors. This was
restored in 1867–1878 at the cost of the Prussian government,
and was adorned with frescoes portraying events in German
history. Other buildings of interest are:—the small chapel
which is all that remains since 1820 of the old and famous
cathedral of St Simon and St Jude founded by Henry III. about
1040, containing among other relics of the cathedral an old
altar supposed to be that of the idol Krodo which formerly
stood on the Burgberg near Neustadt-Harzburg; the church
of the former Benedictine monastery of St Mary, or Neuwerk,
of the 12th century, in the Romanesque style, with wall-paintings
of considerable merit; and the house of the bakers’ gild now
an hotel, the birthplace of Marshal Saxe. There are four
Evangelical churches, a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue,
several schools, a natural science museum, containing a collection
of Harz minerals, the Fenkner museum of antiquities and a
number of small foundations. The town has equestrian statues
of the emperor Frederick I. and of the German emperor William
I. The population is chiefly occupied in connexion with the
sulphur, copper, silver and other mines in the neighbourhood.
The town has also been long noted for its beer, and possesses
some small manufactures and a considerable trade in fruit.
Goslar is believed to have been founded by Henry the Fowler about 920, and when in the time of Otto the Great the mineral treasures in the neighbourhood were discovered it increased rapidly in prosperity. It was often the meeting-place of German diets, twenty-three of which are said to have been held here, and was frequently the residence of the emperors. About 1350 it joined the Hanseatic League. In the middle of the 14th century the famous Goslar statutes, a code of laws, which was adopted by many other towns, was published. The town was unsuccessfully besieged in 1625, during the Thirty Years’ War, but was taken by the Swedes in 1632 and nearly destroyed by fire. Further conflagrations in 1728 and 1780 gave a severe blow to its prosperity. It was a free town till 1802, when it
