was slain. Thenceforward Hengest reigned in Kent, together with his son Aesc (Oisc). Both the Saxon Chronicle and the Historia Brittonum record three subsequent battles, though the two authorities disagree as to their issue. There is no doubt, however, that the net result was the expulsion of the Britons from Kent. According to the Chronicle, which probably derived its information from a lost list of Kentish kings, Hengest died in 488, while his son Aesc continued to reign until 512.
Bede, Hist. Eccl. (Plummer, 1896), i. 15, ii. 5; Saxon Chronicle (Earle and Plummer, 1899), s.a. 449, 455, 457, 465, 473; Nennius, Historia Brittonum (San Marte, 1844), §§ 31, 37, 38, 43-46, 58.
HENGSTENBERG, ERNST WILHELM (1802–1869), German
Lutheran divine and theologian, was born at Fröndenberg, a
Westphalian village, on the 20th of October 1802. He was
educated by his father, who was a minister of the Reformed
Church, and head of the Fröndenberg convent of canonesses
(Fräuleinstift). Entering the university of Bonn in 1819, he
attended the lectures of G. G. Freytag for Oriental languages
and of F. K. L. Gieseler for church history, but his energies were
principally devoted to philosophy and philology, and his earliest
publication was an edition of the Arabic Moallakat of Amru’l-Qais,
which gained for him the prize at his graduation in the
philosophical faculty. This was followed in 1824 by a German
translation of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Finding himself without
the means to complete his theological studies under Neander
and Tholuck in Berlin, he accepted a post at Basel as tutor in
Oriental languages to J. J. Stähelin, who afterwards became
professor at the university. Then it was that he began to direct
his attention to a study of the Bible, which led him to a conviction,
never afterwards shaken, not only of the divine character of
evangelical religion, but also of the unapproachable adequacy
of its expression in the Augsburg Confession. In 1824 he joined
the philosophical faculty of Berlin as a Privatdozent, and in
1825 he became a licentiate in theology, his theses being remarkable
for their evangelical fervour and for their emphatic protest
against every form of “rationalism,” especially in questions of
Old Testament criticism. In 1826 he became professor extraordinarius
in theology; and in July 1827 appeared, under his
editorship, the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, a strictly orthodox
journal, which in his hands acquired an almost unique reputation
as a controversial organ. It did not, however, attain to great
notoriety until in 1830 an anonymous article (by E. L. von
Gerlach) appeared, which openly charged Wilhelm Gesenius
and J. A. L. Wegscheider with infidelity and profanity, and on
the ground of these accusations advocated the interposition of
the civil power, thus giving rise to the prolonged Hallische
Streit. In 1828 the first volume of Hengstenberg’s Christologie
des Alten Testaments passed through the press; in the autumn
of that year he became professor ordinarius in theology, and
in 1829 doctor of theology. He died on the 28th of May 1869.
The following is a list of his principal works: Christologie des Alten Testaments (1829–1835; 2nd ed., 1854–1857; Eng. trans. by R. Keith, 1835–1839, also in Clark’s “Foreign Theological Library,” by T. Meyer and J. Martin, 1854–1858), a work of much learning, the estimate of which varies according to the hermeneutical principles of the individual critic; Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament (1831–1839); Eng. trans., Dissertations on the Genuineness of Daniel and the Integrity of Zechariah (Edin., 1848), and Dissertations on the Genuineness of the Pentateuch (Edin., 1847), in which the traditional view on each question is strongly upheld, and much capital is made of the absence of harmony among the negative critics; Die Bücher Moses und Ägypten (1841); Die Geschichte Bileams u. seiner Weissagungen (1842; translated along with the Dissertations on Daniel and Zechariah); Commentar über die Psalmen (1842–1847; 2nd ed., 1849–1852; Eng. trans. by P. Fairbairn and J. Thomson, Edin., 1844–1848), which shares the merits and defects of the Christologie; Die Offenbarung Johannis erläutert (1849–1851; 2nd ed., 1861–1862; Eng. trans. by P. Fairbairn, also in Clark’s “Foreign Theological Library,” 1851–1852); Das Hohe Lied ausgelegt (1853); Der Prediger Salomo ausgelegt (1859); Das Evangelium Johannis erläutert (1861–1863; 2nd ed., 1867–1871; Eng. trans., 1865) and Die Weissagungen des Propheten Ezechiel erläutert (1867–1868). Of minor importance are De rebus Tyriorum commentatio academica (1832); Über den Tag des Herrn (1852); Das Passa, ein Vortrag (1853); and Die Opfer der heiligen Schrift (1859). Several series of papers also, as, for example, on “The Retention of the Apocrypha,” “Freemasonry” (1854), “Duelling” (1856) and “The Relation between the Jews and the Christian Church” (1857; 2nd ed., 1859), which originally appeared in the Kirchenzeitung, were afterwards printed in a separate form. Geschichte des Reiches Gottes unter dem Alten Bunde (1869–1871), Das Buch Hiob erläutert (1870–1875) and Vorlesungen über die Leidensgeschichte (1875) were published posthumously.
See J. Bachmann’s Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg (1876–1879); also his article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (1899), and the article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Also F. Lichtenberger, History of German Theology in the Nineteenth Century (1889), pp. 212-217; Philip Schaff, Germany; its Universities, Theology and Religion (1857), pp. 300-319.
HENKE, HEINRICH PHILIPP KONRAD (1752–1809),
German theologian, best known as a writer on church history,
was born at Hehlen, Brunswick, on the 3rd of July 1752. He
was educated at the gymnasium of Brunswick and the university
of Helmstädt, and from 1778 to 1809 he was professor, first of
philosophy, then of theology, in that university. In 1803 he
was appointed principal of the Carolinum in Brunswick as well.
He died on the 2nd of May 1809. Henke belonged to the
rationalistic school. His principal work (Allgemeine Geschichte
der christl. Kirche, 6 vols., 1788–1804; 2nd ed., 1795–1806) is
commended by F. C. Baur for fullness, accuracy and artistic
composition. His other works are Lineamenta institutionum
fidei Christianae historico-criticarum (1783), Opuscula academica
(1802) and two volumes of Predigten. He was also editor of
the Magazin für die Religionsphilosophie, Exegese und Kirchengeschichte
(1793–1802) and the Archiv für die neueste Kirchengeschichte
(1794–1799).
His son, Ernst Ludwig Theodor Henke (1804–1872), after studying at the university of Jena, became professor extraordinarius there in 1833, and professor ordinarius of Marburg in 1839. He is known as the author of monographs upon Georg Calixt u. seine Zeit (1853–1860), Papst Pius VII. (1860), Konrad von Marburg (1861), Kaspar Peucer u. Nik. Krell (1865), Jak. Friedr. Fries (1867), Zur neuern Kirchengeschichte (1867).
HENLE, FRIEDRICH GUSTAV JAKOB (1809–1885),
German pathologist and anatomist, was born on the 9th of
July 1809 at Fürth, in Franconia. After studying medicine
at Heidelberg and at Bonn, where he took his doctor’s degree
in 1832, he became prosector in anatomy to Johannes Müller at
Berlin. During the six years he spent in that position he published
a large amount of work, including three anatomical
monographs on new species of animals, and papers on the
structure of the lacteal system, the distribution of epithelium
in the human body, the structure and development of the hair,
the formation of mucus and pus, &c. In 1840 he accepted the
chair of anatomy at Zürich, and in 1844 he was called to Heidelberg,
where he taught not only anatomy, but physiology and
pathology. About this period he was engaged on his complete
system of general anatomy, which formed the sixth volume of
the new edition of S. T. von Sömmerring’s treatise, published
at Leipzig between 1841 and 1844. While at Heidelberg he
published a zoological monograph on the sharks and rays, in
conjunction with his master Müller, and in 1846 his famous
Manual of Rational Pathology began to appear; this marked
the beginning of a new era in pathological study, since in it
physiology and pathology were treated, in Henle’s own words,
as “branches of one science,” and the facts of disease were
systematically considered with reference to their physiological
relations. In 1852 he moved to Göttingen, whence he issued
three years later the first instalment of his great Handbook
of Systematic Human Anatomy, the last volume of which was not
published till 1873. This work was perhaps the most complete
and comprehensive of its kind that had so far appeared, and
it was remarkable not only for the fullness and minuteness of
the anatomical descriptions, but also for the number and excellence
of the illustrations with which they were elucidated.
During the latter half of his life Henle’s researches were mainly
histological in character, his investigations embracing the
minute anatomy of the blood vessels, serous membranes, kidney,
eye, nails, central nervous system, &c. He died at Göttingen
on the 13th of May 1885.
