(1857), Princeton Theological Essays, and Discussions in Church Polity (1878). He was moderator of the General Assembly (O.S.) in 1846, a member of the committee to revise the Book of Discipline of the Presbyterian church in 1858, and president of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in 1868–1870. The 24th of April 1872, the fiftieth anniversary of his election to his professorship, was observed in Princeton as his jubilee by between 400 and 500 representatives of his 2700 pupils, and $50,000 was raised for the endowment of his chair. He died at Princeton on the 19th of June 1878. Hodge was one of the greatest of American theologians.
Besides his articles in the Princeton Review, he published a Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (1835, abridged 1836, rewritten and enlarged 1864, new ed. 1886), Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (2 vols., 1839–1840); The Way of Life (1841); Commentaries on Ephesians (1856); 1 Corinthians (1857); 2 Corinthians (1859); Systematic Theology (3 vols., 2200 pp., 1871–1873), probably the best of all modern expositions of Calvinistic dogmatic; and What is Darwinism? (1874), in which he opposed “Atheistic Evolutionism.” After his death a volume of Conference Papers (1879) was published. His life, by his son, was published in 1880.
His son, Archibald Alexander Hodge (1823–1886), also famous as a Presbyterian theologian, was born at Princeton on the 18th of July 1823. He graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1841, and at the Princeton Theological seminary in 1846, and was ordained in 1847. From 1847 to 1850 he was a missionary at Allahabad, India, and was then pastor of churches successively at Lower West Nottingham, Maryland (1851–1855); at Fredericksburg, Virginia (1855–1861), and at Wilkes-Barré, Pennsylvania (1861–1864). From 1864 to 1877 he was professor of didactic and polemical theology in the Allegheny Theological seminary at Allegheny, Pennsylvania, where he was also from 1866 to 1877 pastor of the North Church (Presbyterian). In 1878 he succeeded his father as professor of didactic theology at the Princeton seminary. He died on the 11th of November 1886. Besides writing the biography of his father, he was the author of Outlines of Theology (1860, new ed. 1875; enlarged, 1879); The Atonement (1867); Exposition of the Confession of Faith (1869); and Popular Lectures on Theological Themes (1887).
See C. A. Salmond’s Charles and A. A. Hodge (New York, 1888).
HODGKIN, THOMAS (1831–), British historian, son of
John Hodgkin (1800–1875), barrister, was born in London on
the 29th of July 1831. Having been educated as a member of
the Society of Friends and taken the degree of B.A. at London
University, he became a partner in the banking house of Hodgkin,
Barnett & Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne, a firm afterwards amalgamated
with Lloyds’ Bank. While continuing in business as
a banker, Hodgkin devoted a good deal of time to historical study, and soon became a leading authority on the history of the early middle ages, his books being indispensable to all students of this period. His chief works are, Italy and her Invaders (8 vols., Oxford, 1880–1899); The Dynasty of Theodosius
(Oxford, 1889); Theodoric the Goth (London, 1891); and an
introduction to the Letters of Cassiodorus (London, 1886).
He also wrote a Life of Charles the Great (London, 1897); Life
of George Fox (Boston, 1896); and the opening volume of
Longman’s Political History of England (London, 1906).
HODGKINSON, EATON (1789–1861), English engineer, the
son of a farmer, was born at Anderton near Northwich, Cheshire,
on the 26th of February 1789. After attending school at Northwich,
he began to help his widowed mother on the farm, but to
escape from that uncongenial occupation he persuaded her in
1811 to remove to Manchester and start a pawnbroking business.
There he made the acquaintance of John Dalton, and began those
inquiries into the strength of materials which formed the work
of his life. He was associated with Sir William Fairbairn in an
important series of experiments on cast iron, and his help was
sought by Robert Stephenson in regard to the forms and dimensions
of the tubes for the Britannia bridge. A paper which he
communicated to the Royal Society on “Experimental Researches
on the Strength of Pillars of Cast Iron and other Materials,” in
1840 gained him a Royal medal in 1841, and he was also elected
a fellow. In 1847 he was appointed professor of the mechanical
principles of engineering in University College, London, and at
the same time he was employed as a member of the Royal Commission
appointed to inquire into the application of iron to
railway structures. In 1848 he was chosen president of the
Manchester Philosophical Society, of which he had been a
member since 1826, and to which, both previously and subsequently,
he contributed many of the more important results of
his discoveries. For several years he took an active part in the
discussions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which he was
elected an honorary member in 1851. He died at Eaglesfield
House, near Manchester, on the 18th of June 1861.
HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON (1800–1894), English administrator,
ethnologist and naturalist, was born at Lower
Beech, Prestbury, Cheshire, on the 1st of February 1800. His
father, Brian Hodgson, came of a family of country gentlemen,
and his mother was a daughter of William Houghton of Manchester.
In 1816 he obtained an East Indian writership. After
passing through the usual course at Haileybury, he went out to
India in 1818, and after a brief service at Kumaon as assistant-commissioner
was in 1820 appointed assistant to the Resident at
Katmandu, the capital of Nepal. In 1823 he obtained an under-secretaryship
in the foreign department at Calcutta, but his
health failed, and in 1824 he returned to Nepal, to which the
whole of his life, whether in or out of India, may be said to have
been thenceforth given. He devoted himself particularly to the
collection of Sanskrit MSS. relating to Buddhism, and hardly less
so to the natural history and antiquities of the country, and by
1839 had contributed eighty-nine papers to the Transactions
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. His investigations of the
ethnology of the aboriginal tribes were especially important. In
1833 he became Resident in Nepal, and passed many stormy
years in conflict with the cruel and faithless court to which he was
accredited. He succeeded, nevertheless, in concluding a satisfactory
treaty in 1839; but in 1842 his policy, which involved an
imperious attitude towards the native government, was upset by
the interference of Lord Ellenborough, but just arrived in India
and not unnaturally anxious to avoid trouble in Nepal during the
conflict in Afghanistan. Hodgson took upon himself to disobey
his instructions, a breach of discipline justified to his own mind
by his superior knowledge of the situation, but which the governor-general
could hardly be expected to overlook. He was, nevertheless,
continued in office for a time, but was recalled in 1843, and
resigned the service. In 1845 he returned to India and settled at
Darjeeling, where he devoted himself entirely to his favourite
pursuits, becoming the greatest authority on the Buddhist
religion and on the flora of the Himalayas. It was he who early
suggested the recruiting of Gurkhas for the Indian army, and who
influenced Sir Jung Bahadur to lend his assistance to the British
during the mutiny in 1857. In 1858 he returned to England, and
lived successively in Cheshire and Gloucestershire, occupied with
his studies to the last. He died at his seat at Alderley Grange in
the Cotswold Hills on the 23rd of May 1894. No man has done
so much to throw light on Buddhism as it exists in Nepal, and
his collections of Sanskrit manuscripts, presented to the East
India Office, and of natural history, presented to the British
Museum, are unique as gatherings from a single country. He
wrote altogether 184 philological and ethnological and 127
scientific papers, as well as some valuable pamphlets on native
education, in which he took great interest. His principal work,
Illustrations of the Literature and Religion of Buddhists (1841),
was republished with the most important of his other writings in 1872–1880.
His life was written by Sir W. W. Hunter in 1896.
HÓDMEZÖ-VÁSÁRHELY, a town of Hungary, in the county
of Csongrád, 135 m. S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900)
60,824 of which about two-thirds are Protestants. The town,
situated on Lake Hód, not far from the right bank of the Tisza,
has a modern aspect. The soil of the surrounding country, of
which 383 sq. m. belong to the municipality, is exceedingly
fertile, the chief products being wheat, mangcorn, barley, oats,
millet, maize and various descriptions of fruit, especially melons.
Extensive vineyards, yielding large quantities of both white and
