is adapted for the narrow rows of grain crops and is also convertible into a root-hoe. In the lever-hoe, which is largely used in grain crops, the blades may be raised and lowered by means of a lever. The horse-drawn hoe is steered by means of handles in the rear, but its successful working depends on accurate drilling of the seed, because unless the rows are parallel the roots of the plants are liable to be cut and the foliage injured. Thus Jethro Tull (17th century), with whose name the beginning of the practice of horse-hoeing is principally connected, used the drill which he invented as an essential adjunct in the so-called “Horse-hoeing Husbandry” (see Agriculture).
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| Fig. 1.—Three Forms of Manual Hoe. |
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| Fig. 2.—Martin’s One-Row Horse Hoe. |
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| Fig. 3.—Martin’s General Purpose Steerage Horse Hoe. |
HOEFNAGEL, JORIS (1545–1601), Dutch painter and engraver,
the son of a diamond merchant, was born at Antwerp. He
travelled abroad, making drawings from archaeological subjects,
and was a pupil of Jan Bol at Mechlin. He was afterwards
patronized by the elector of Bavaria at Munich, where he stayed
eight years, and by the Emperor Rudolph at Prague. He died
at Vienna in 1601. He is famous for his miniature work, especially
on a missal in the imperial library at Vienna; he painted
animals and plants to illustrate works on natural history;
and his engravings (especially for Braun’s Civitates orbis
terrarum, 1572, and Ortelius’s Theatrum orbis terrarum, 1570)
give him an interesting place among early topographical
draughtsmen.
HOF, a town of Germany, in the Bavarian province of Upper
Franconia, beautifully situated on the Saale, on the north-eastern
spurs of the Fichtelgebirge, 103 m. S.W. of Leipzig
on the main line of railway to Regensburg and Munich. Pop.
(1885) 22,257; (1905) 36,348. It has one Roman Catholic
and three Protestant churches (among the latter that of St
Michael, which was restored in 1884), a town hall of 1563, a
gymnasium with an extensive library, a commercial school
and a hospital founded in 1262. It is the seat of various flourishing
industries, notably woollen, cotton and jute spinning, jute
weaving, and the manufacture of cotton and half-woollen
fabrics. It has also dye-works, flour-mills, saw-mills, breweries,
iron-works, and manufactures of machinery, iron and tin wares,
chemicals and sugar. In the neighbourhood there are large
marble quarries and extensive iron mines. Hof, originally
called Regnitzhof, was built about 1080. It was held for some
time by the dukes of Meran, and was sold in 1373 to the burgraves
of Nuremberg. The cloth manufacture introduced into
it in the 15th century, and the manufacture of veils begun
in the 16th century, greatly promoted its prosperity, but it
suffered severely in the Albertine and Hussite wars as well
as in the Thirty Years’ War. In 1792 it came into the possession
of Prussia; in 1806 it fell to France; and in 1810 it was incorporated
with Bavaria. In 1823 the greater part of the town
was destroyed by fire.
See Ernst, Geschichte und Beschreibung des Bezirks und der Stadt Hof (1866); Tillmann, Die Stadt Hof und ihre Umgebung (Hof, 1899), and C. Meyer, Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Hof (1894–1896).
HOFER, ANDREAS (1767–1810), Tirolese patriot, was born
on the 22nd of November 1767 at St Leonhard, in the Passeier
valley. There his father kept an inn known as “am Sand,”
which Hofer inherited, and on that account he was popularly
known as the “Sandwirth.” In addition to this he carried on
a trade in wine and horses with the north of Italy, acquiring
a high reputation for intelligence and honesty. In the wars
against the French from 1796 to 1805 he took part, first as a
sharp-shooter and afterwards as a captain of militia. By the
treaty of Pressburg (1805) Tirol was transferred from Austria
to Bavaria, and Hofer, who was almost fanatically devoted to
the Austrian house, became conspicuous as a leader of the
agitation against Bavarian rule. In 1808 he formed one of a
deputation who went to Vienna, at the invitation of the archduke
John, to concert a rising; and when in April 1809 the
Tirolese rose in arms, Hofer was chosen commander of the
contingent from his native valley, and inflicted an overwhelming
defeat on the Bavarians at Sterzing (April 11). This victory,
which resulted in the temporary reoccupation of Innsbruck
by the Austrians, made Hofer the most conspicuous of the
insurgent leaders. The rapid advance of Napoleon, indeed,
and the defeat of the main Austrian army under the archduke
Charles, once more exposed Tirol to the French and Bavarians,
who reoccupied Innsbruck. The withdrawal of the bulk of
the troops, however, gave the Tirolese their chance again;
after two battles fought on the Iselberg (May 25 and 29) the
Bavarians were again forced to evacuate the country, and Hofer
entered Innsbruck in triumph. An autograph letter of the
emperor Francis (May 29) assured him that no peace would be
concluded by which Tirol would again be separated from the
Austrian monarchy, and Hofer, believing his work accomplished,
returned to his home. Then came the news of the armistice
of Znaim (July 12), by which Tirol and Vorarlberg were surrendered
by Austria unconditionally and given up to the vengeance
of the French. The country was now again invaded by
40,000 French and Bavarian troops, and Innsbruck fell; but
the Tirolese once more organized resistance to the French
“atheists and freemasons,” and, after a temporary hesitation,
Hofer—on whose head a price had been placed—threw himself
into the movement. On the 13th of August, in another battle
on the Iselberg, the French under Marshal Lefebvre were routed
by the Tirolese peasants, and Hofer once more entered Innsbruck,
which he had some difficulty in saving from sack. Hofer was
now elected Oberkommandant of Tirol, took up his quarters in
the Hofburg at Innsbruck, and for two months ruled the country
in the emperor’s name. He preserved the habits of a simple
peasant, and his administration was characterized in part by
the peasant’s shrewd common sense, but yet more by a pious
solicitude for the minutest details of faith and morals. On the
29th of September Hofer received from the emperor a chain and
medal of honour, which encouraged him in the belief that Austria
did not intend again to desert him; the news of the conclusion
of the treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14), by which Tirol was
again ceded to Bavaria, came upon him as an overwhelming
surprise. The French in overpowering force at once pushed
into the country, and, an amnesty having been stipulated in
the treaty, Hofer and his companions, after some hesitation,
gave in their submission. On the 12th of November, however,
