the mountains,” that is, in heaven. Under the influence of the derivation from βορέας, the home of the Hyperboreans was placed in a region beyond the north wind, a paradise like the Elysian plains, inaccessible by land or sea, whither Apollo could remove those mortals who had lived a life of piety. It was a land of perpetual sunshine and great fertility; its inhabitants were free from disease and war. The duration of their life was 1000 years, but if any desired to shorten it, he decked himself with garlands and threw himself from a rock into the sea. The close connexion of the Hyperboreans with the cult of Apollo may be seen by comparing the Hyperborean myths, the characters of which by their names mostly recall Apollo or Artemis (Agyieus, Opis, Hecaergos, Loxo), with the ceremonial of the Apolline worship. No meat was eaten at the Pyanepsia; the Hyperboreans were vegetarians. At the festival of Apollo at Leucas a victim flung himself from a rock into the sea, like the Hyperborean who was tired of life. According to an Athenian decree (380 B.C.) asses were sacrificed to Apollo at Delphi, and Pindar (Pythia, x. 33) speaks of “hecatombs of asses” being offered to him by the Hyperboreans. As the latter conveyed sacrificial gifts to Delos hidden in wheat-straw, so at the Thargelia a sheaf of corn was carried round in procession, concealing a symbol of the god (for other resemblances see Crusius’s article). Although the Hyperborean legends are mainly connected with Delphi and Delos, traces of them are found in Argos (the stories of Heracles, Perseus, Io), Attica, Macedonia, Thrace, Sicily and Italy (which Niebuhr indeed considers their original home). In modern times the name has been applied to a group of races, which includes the Chukchis, Koryaks, Yukaghirs, Ainus, Gilyaks and Kamchadales, inhabiting the arctic regions of Asia and America. But if ever ethnically one, the Asiatic and American branches are now as far apart from each other as they both are from the Mongolo-Tatar stock.
See O. Crusius in Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie; O. Schröder in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft (1904), viii. 69; W. Mannhardt, Wald- und Feldkulte (1905); L. R. Farnell, Cults of the Greek States (1907), iv. 100.
HYPEREIDES (c. 390–322 B.C.), one of the ten Attic orators,
was the son of Glaucippus, of the deme of Collytus. Having
studied under Isocrates, he began life as a writer of speeches
for the courts, and in 360 he prosecuted Autocles, a general
charged with treason in Thrace (frags. 55-65, Blass). At the
time of the so-called “Social War” (358-355) he accused
Aristophon, then one of the most influential men at Athens,
of malpractices (frags. 40-44, Blass), and impeached Philocrates
(343) for high treason. From the peace of 346 to 324 Hypereides
supported Demosthenes in the struggle against Macedon; but
in the affair of Harpalus he was one of the ten public prosecutors
of Demosthenes, and on the exile of his former leader he became
the head of the patriotic party (324). After the death of
Alexander, he was the chief promoter of the Lamian war against
Antipater and Craterus. After the decisive defeat at Crannon
(322), Hypereides and the other orators, whose surrender was
demanded by Antipater, were condemned to death by the
Athenian partisans of Macedonia. Hypereides fled to Aegina,
but Antipater’s emissaries dragged him from the temple of
Aeacus, where he had taken refuge, and put him to death;
according to others, he was taken before Antipater at Athens
or Cleonae. His body was afterwards removed to Athens for
burial.
Hypereides was an ardent pursuer of “the beautiful,” which in his time generally meant pleasure and luxury. His temper was easy-going and humorous; and hence, though in his development of the periodic sentence he followed Isocrates, the essential tendencies of his style are those of Lysias, whom he surpassed, however, in the richness of his vocabulary and in the variety of his powers. His diction was plain and forcible, though he occasionally indulged in long compound words probably borrowed from the Middle Comedy, with which, and with the everyday life of his time, he was in full sympathy. His composition was simple. He was specially distinguished for subtlety of expression, grace and wit, as well as for tact in approaching his case and handling his subject matter. Sir R. C. Jebb sums up the criticism of pseudo-Longinus (De sublimitate, 34) in the phrase—“Hypereides was the Sheridan of Athens.”
Seventy-seven speeches were attributed to Hypereides, of which twenty-five were regarded as spurious even by ancient critics. It is said that a MS. of most of the speeches was in existence in the 16th century in the library of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, at Ofen, but was destroyed at the capture of the city by the Turks in 1526. Only a few fragments were known until comparatively recent times. In 1847 large fragments of his speeches Against Demosthenes (see above) and For Lycophron (incidentally interesting as elucidating the order of marriage processions and other details of Athenian life, and the Athenian government of Lemnos), and the whole of the For Euxenippus (c. 330, a locus classicus on εἰσαγγελίαι or state prosecutions), were found in a tomb at Thebes in Egypt, and in 1856 a considerable portion of a λόγος παρανόμων, a Funeral Oration over Leosthenes and his comrades who had fallen in the Lamian war, the best extant specimen of epideictic oratory (see Babington, Churchill). Towards the end of the century further discoveries were made of the conclusion of the speech Against Philippides (dealing with a γραφὴ παρανόμων, or indictment for the proposal of an unconstitutional measure, arising out of the disputes of the Macedonian and anti-Macedonian parties at Athens), and of the whole of the Against Athenogenes (a perfumer accused of fraud in the sale of his business). These have been edited by F. G. Kenyon (1893). An important speech that is lost is the Deliacus (frags. 67-75, Blass) on the presidency of the Delian temple claimed by both Athens and Delos, which was adjudged by the Amphictyons to Athens.
On Hypereides generally see pseudo-Plutarch, Decem oratorum vitae; F. Blass, Attische Beredsamkeit, iii.; R. C. Jebb, Attic Orators, ii. 381. A full list of editions and articles is given in F. Blass, Hyperidis orationes sex cum ceterarum fragmentis (1894, Teubner series), to which may be added I. Bassi, Le Quattro Orazioni di Iperide (introduction and notes, 1888), and J. E. Sandys in Classical Review (January 1895) (a review of the editions of Kenyon and Blass). For the discourse against Athenogenes see H. Weil, Études sur l’antiquité grecque (1900).
HYPERION, in Greek mythology, one of the Titans, son of
Uranus and Gaea and father of Helios, the sun-god (Hesiod,
Theog. 134, 371; Apollodorus i. 1. 2). In the well-known
passage in Shakespeare (Hamlet, i. 2: “Hyperion to a satyr,”
where as in other poets the vowel -i- though really long, is
shortened for metrical reasons) Hyperion is used for Apollo as
expressive of the idea of beauty. The name is often used as
an epithet of Helios, who is himself sometimes called simply
Hyperion. It is explained as (1) he who moves above (ὑπερ–ιων),
but the quantity of the vowel is against this; (2) he who is
above (ὑπερι–ων). Others take it to be a patronymic in form,
like Κρονῖων, Μολῖων.
HYPERSTHENE, a rock-forming mineral belonging to the
group of orthorhombic pyroxenes. It differs from the other
members (enstatite [q.v.] and bronzite) of this group in containing
a considerable amount of iron replacing magnesium: the
chemical formula is (Mg, Fe)SiO3. Distinctly developed crystals
are rare, the mineral being usually found as foliated masses
embedded in those igneous rocks—norite, hypersthene-andesite,
&c.—of which it forms an essential constituent. The coarsely
grained labradorite-hypersthene-rock (norite) of the island of
St Paul off the coast of Labrador has furnished the most typical
material; and for this reason the mineral has been known as
“Labrador hornblende” or paulite. The colour is brownish-black,
and the pleochrism strong; the hardness is 6, and the
specific gravity 3.4-3.5. On certain surfaces it displays a brilliant
copper-red metallic sheen or schiller, which has the same origin
as the bronzy sheen of bronzite (q.v.), but is even more pronounced.
Like bronzite, it is sometimes cut and polished for ornamental
purposes. (L. J. S.)
HYPERTROPHY (Gr. ὑπέρ, over, and τροφή, nourishment),
a term in medicine employed to designate an abnormal increase
in bulk of one or more of the organs or component tissues of the
body (see Pathology). In its strict sense this term can only
be applied where the increase affects the natural textures of a
part, and is not applicable where the enlargement is due to the
presence of some extraneous morbid formation. Hypertrophy
of a part may manifest itself either by simply an increase in
the size of its constituents, or by this combined with an increase
in their number (hyperplasia). In many instances both are
associated.
