and in 1857 the army, breaking away from the chief’s control, besieged the British residency, and took advantage of the mutiny of the Bengal sepoys to spread disorder over that part of central India. The country was pacified after some fighting. In 1899 a British resident was appointed to Indore, which had formerly been directly under the agent to the governor-general in central India. At the same time a change was made in the system of administration, which was from that date carried on by a council. In 1903 the Maharaja, Shivaji Rao Holkar, G.C.S.I., abdicated in favour of his son Tukoji Rao, a boy of twelve, and died in 1908.
The City of Indore is situated 1738 ft. above the sea, on the river Saraswati, near its junction with the Khan. Pop. (1901) 86,686. These figures do not include the tract assigned to the resident, known as “the camp” (pop. 11,118), which is under British administration. The city is one of the most important trading centres in central India.
Indore Residency, a political charge in central India, is not co-extensive with the state, though it includes all of it except some outlying tracts. Area, 8960 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 833,410. (J. S. Co.)
INDORSEMENT, or Endorsement (from Med. Lat. indorsare,
to write upon the dorsum, or back), anything written or printed
upon the back of a document. In its technical sense, it is the
writing upon a bill of exchange, cheque or other negotiable
instrument, by one who has a right to the instrument and
who thereby transmits the right and incurs certain liabilities.
See Bill of Exchange.
INDO-SCYTHIANS, a name commonly given to various
tribes from central Asia, who invaded northern India and founded
kingdoms there. They comprise the Sakas, the Yue-Chi or
Kushans and the Ephthalites or Hūnas.
INDRA, in early Hindu mythology, god of the clear sky
and greatest of the Vedic deities. The origin of the name is
doubtful, but is by some connected with indu, drop. His
importance is shown by the fact that about 250 hymns celebrate
his greatness, nearly one-fourth of the total number in the
Rig Veda. He is represented as specially lord of the elements,
the thunder-god. But Indra was more than a great god
in the ancient Vedic pantheon. He is the patron-deity of the
invading Aryan race in India, the god of battle to whose help
they look in their struggles with the dark aborigines. Indra
is the child of Dyaus, the Heaven. In Indian art he is represented
as a man with four arms and hands; in two he holds
a lance and in the third a thunderbolt. He is often painted
with eyes all over his body and then he is called Sahasraksha,
“the thousand eyed.” He lost much of his supremacy when
the triad Brahma, Siva and Vishnu became predominant. He
gradually became identified merely with the headship of Swarga,
a local vice-regent of the abode of the gods.
See A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).
INDRE, a department of central France, formed in 1790
from parts of the old provinces of Berry, Orléanais, Marche and
Touraine. Pop. (1906) 290,216. Area 2666 sq. m. It is bounded
N. by the department of Loir-et-Cher, E. by Cher, S. by Creuse
and Haute-Vienne, S.W. by Vienne and N.W. by Indre-et-Loire.
It takes its name from the river Indre, which flows through it.
The surface forms a vast plateau divided into three districts,
the Boischaut, Champagne and Brenne. The Boischaut is a
large well-wooded plain comprising seven-tenths of the entire
area and covering the south, east and centre of the department.
The Champagne, a monotonous but fertile district in the north,
produces abundant cereal crops, and affords excellent pasturage
for large numbers of sheep, celebrated for the fineness of their
wool. The Brenne, which occupies the west of the department,
was formerly marshy and unhealthy, but draining and afforestation
have brought about considerable improvement.
The department is divided into the arrondissements of Châteauroux, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun, with 23 cantons and 245 communes. At Neuvy-St-Sépulchre there is a circular church of the 11th century, to which a nave was added in the 12th century, and at Mézières-en-Brenne there is an interesting church of the 14th century. At Levroux there is a fine church of the 13th century and the remains of a feudal fortress, and there is a magnificent château in the Renaissance style at Valençay.
INDRE-ET-LOIRE, a department of central France, consisting
of nearly the whole of the old province of Touraine and of small
portions of Orléanais, Anjou and Poitou. Pop. (1906) 337,916.
Area 2377 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the departments of
Sarthe and Loir-et-Cher, E. by Loir-et-Cher and Indre, S. and
S.W. by Vienne and W. by Maine-et-Loire. It takes its name
from the Loire and its tributary the Indre, which enter it on
its eastern border and unite not far from its western border.
The other chief affluents of the Loire in the department are
the Cher, which joins it below Tours, and the Vienne, which
waters the department’s southern region. Indre-et-Loire is
generally level and comprises the following districts: the
Gâtine, a pebbly and sterile region to the north of the Loire,
largely consisting of forests and heaths with numerous small
lakes; the fertile Varenne or valley of the Loire; the Champeigne,
a chain of vine-clad slopes, separating the valleys of the
Cher and Indre; the Véron, a region of vines and orchards,
in the angle formed by the Loire and Vienne; the plateau
of Sainte-Maure, a hilly and unproductive district in the centre
of which are found extensive deposits of shell-marl; and in the
south the Brenne, traversed by the Claise and the Creuse and
forming part of the marshy territory which extends under the
same name into Indre.
Indre-et-Loire is divided into the arrondissements of Tours, Loches and Chinon, with 24 cantons and 282 communes. The chief town is Tours, which is the seat of an archbishopric; and Chinon, Loches, Amboise, Chenonceaux, Langeais and Azay-le-Rideau are also important places with châteaus. The Renaissance château of Ussé, and those of Luynes (15th and 16th centuries) and Pressigny-le-Grand (17th century) are also of note. Montbazon possesses the imposing ruins of a square donjon of the 11th and 12th centuries. Preuilly has the most beautiful Romanesque church in Touraine. The Sainte Chapelle (16th century) at Champigny is a survival of a château of the dukes of Bourbon-Montpensier. The church of Montrésor (1532) with its mausoleum of the family of Montrésor; that of St Denis-Hors (12th and 16th century) close to Amboise, with the curious mausoleum of Philibert Babou, minister of finance under Francis I. and Henry II.; and that of Ste Catherine de Fierbois, of the 15th century, are of architectural interest. The town of Richelieu, founded 1631 by the famous minister of Louis XIII., preserves the enceinte and many of the buildings of the 17th century. Megalithic monuments are numerous in the department.
INDRI, a Malagasy word believed to mean “there it goes,”
but now accepted as the designation of the largest of the existing
Malagasy (and indeed of all) lemurs. Belonging to the family
Lemuridae (see Primates) it typifies the subfamily Indrisinae,
which includes the avahi and the sifakas (q.v.). From both the
latter it is distinguished by its rudimentary tail, measuring only
a couple of inches in length, whence its name of Indris brevicaudatus.
Measuring about 24 in. in length, exclusive of the
tail, the indri varies considerably in colour, but is usually black,
with a variable number of whitish patches, chiefly about the
loins and on the fore-limbs. The forests of a comparatively
small tract on the east coast of Madagascar form its home.
Shoots, flowers and berries form the food of the indri, which
was first discovered by the French traveller and naturalist
Pierre Sonnerat in 1780.
(R. L.*)
INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ἐπαγωγή),
in logic, the term applied to the process of discovering principles
by the observation and combination of particular instances.
Aristotle, who did so much to establish the laws of deductive
reasoning, neglected induction, which he identified with a complete
enumeration of facts; and the schoolmen were wholly
concerned with syllogistic logic. A new era opens with Bacon,
whose writings all preach the principle of investigating the laws
