to leave their homes and flee to the west of the Euphrates. They were recalled to a more courageous frame of mind by the letters of Jacob.[1] In 519, at the age of 68, Jacob was made bishop of Baṭnān, another town in the district of Sĕrūgh, but only lived till November 521.
From the various extant accounts of Jacob’s life and from the number of his known works, we gather that his literary activity was unceasing. According to Barhebraeus (Chron. Eccles. i. 191) he employed 70 amanuenses and wrote in all 760 metrical homilies, besides expositions, letters and hymns of different sorts. Of his merits as a writer and poet we are now well able to judge from P. Bedjan’s excellent edition of selected metrical homilies, of which four volumes have already appeared (Paris 1905–1908), containing 146 pieces.[2] They are written throughout in dodecasyllabic metre, and those published deal mainly with biblical themes, though there are also poems on such subjects as the deaths of Christian martyrs, the fall of the idols, the council of Nicaea, &c.[3] Of Jacob’s prose works, which are not nearly so numerous, the most interesting are his letters, which throw light upon some of the events of his time and reveal his attachment to the Monophysite doctrine which was then struggling for supremacy in the Syrian churches, and particularly at Edessa, over the opposite teaching of Nestorius.[4] (N. M.)
JACOBA, or Jacqueline (1401–1436), countess of Holland,
was the only daughter and heiress of William, duke of Bavaria
and count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut. She was married
as a child to John, duke of Touraine, second son of Charles VI.,
king of France, who on the death of his elder brother Louis
became dauphin. John of Touraine died in April 1417, and two
months afterwards Jacoba lost her father. Acknowledged as
sovereign in Holland and Zeeland, Jacoba was opposed by her
uncle John of Bavaria, bishop of Liége. She had the support of
the Hook faction in Holland. Meanwhile she had been married
in 1418 by her uncle, John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, to
her cousin John IV., duke of Brabant. By the mediation of
John the Fearless, a treaty of partition was concluded in 1419
between Jacoba and John of Bavaria; but it was merely a truce,
and the contest between uncle and niece soon began again and
continued with varying success. In 1420 Jacoba fled to England;
and there, declaring that her marriage with John of Brabant was
illegal, she contracted a marriage with Humphrey, duke of
Gloucester, in 1422. Two years later Jacoba, with Humphrey,
invaded Holland, where she was now opposed by her former
husband, John of Brabant, John of Bavaria having died of
poison. In 1425 Humphrey deserted his wife, who found herself
obliged to seek refuge with her cousin, Philip V., duke of Burgundy,
to whom she had to submit, and she was imprisoned in
the castle of Ghent. John of Brabant now mortgaged the two
counties of Holland and Zeeland to Philip, who assumed their
protectorate. Jacoba, however, escaped from prison in disguise,
and for three years struggled gallantly to maintain herself
in Holland against the united efforts of Philip of Burgundy and
John of Brabant, and met at first with success. The death of the
weak John of Brabant (April 1427) freed the countess from her
quondam husband; but nevertheless the pope pronounced
Jacoba’s marriage with Humphrey illegal, and Philip, putting
out his full strength, broke down all opposition. By a treaty,
made in July 1428, Jacoba was left nominally countess, but Philip
was to administer the government of Holland, Zeeland and
Hainaut, and was declared heir in case Jacoba should die without
children. Two years later Philip mortgaged Holland and Zeeland
to the Borselen family, of which Francis, lord of Borselen, was the
head. Jacoba now made her last effort. In 1432 she secretly
married Francis of Borselen, and endeavoured to foment a rising
in Holland against the Burgundian rule. Philip invaded the country,
however, and threw Borselen into prison. Only on condition
that Jacoba abdicated her three countships in his favour would
he allow her liberty and recognize her marriage with Borselen.
She submitted in April 1432, retained her title of duchess in
Bavaria, and lived on her husband’s estates in retirement. She
died on the 9th of October 1436, leaving no children.
Bibliography.—F. von Löher, Jakobäa von Bayern und ihre Zeit (2 vols., Nördlingen, 1862–1869); W. J. F. Nuyens, Jacoba van Beieren en de eerste helft der XV. eeuw (Haarlem, 1873); A. von Overstraten, Jacoba van Beieren (Amsterdam, 1790). (G. E.)
JACOBABAD, a town of British India, the administrative
headquarters of the Upper Sind frontier district in Bombay;
with a station on the Quetta branch of the North-Western railway,
37 m. from the junction at Ruk, on the main line. Pop.
(1901), 10,787. It is famous as having consistently the highest
temperature in India. During the month of June the thermometer
ranges between 120° and 127° F. The town was founded
on the site of the village of Khangarh in 1847 by General
John Jacob, for many years commandant of the Sind Horse,
who died here in 1858. It has cantonments for a cavalry regiment,
with accommodation for caravans from Central Asia. It
is watered by two canals. An annual horse show is held in
January.
JACOBEAN STYLE, the name given to the second phase of
the early Renaissance architecture in England, following the
Elizabethan style. Although the term is generally employed
of the style which prevailed in England during the first quarter
of the 17th century, its peculiar decadent detail will be found
nearly twenty years earlier at Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire,
and in Oxford and Cambridge examples exist up to 1660, notwithstanding
the introduction of the purer Italian style by
Inigo Jones in 1619 at Whitehall. Already during Queen
Elizabeth’s reign reproductions of the classic orders had found
their way into English architecture, based frequently upon John
Shute’s The First and Chief Grounds of Architecture, published in
1563, with two other editions in 1579 and 1584. In 1577, three
years before the commencement of Wollaton Hall, a copybook
of the orders was brought out in Antwerp by Jan Vredeman de
Vries. Though nominally based on the description of the orders
by Vitruvius, the author indulged freely not only in his rendering
of them, but in suggestions of his own, showing how the orders
might be employed in various buildings. Those suggestions
were of a most decadent type, so that even the author deemed it
advisable to publish a letter from a canon of the Church, stating
that there was nothing in his architectural designs which was
contrary to religion. It is to publications of this kind that
Jacobean architecture owes the perversion of its forms and the
introduction of strap work and pierced crestings, which appear
for the first time at Wollaton (1580); at Bramshill, Hampshire
(1607–1612), and in Holland House, Kensington (1624), it
receives its fullest development. (R. P. S.)
JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743–1819), German
philosopher, was born at Düsseldorf on the 25th of January 1743.
The second son of a wealthy sugar merchant near Düsseldorf,
he was educated for a commercial career. Of a retiring, meditative
disposition, Jacobi associated himself at Geneva mainly
with the literary and scientific circle of which the most prominent
member was Lesage. He studied closely the works of Charles
Bonnet, and the political ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire. In
1763 he was called back to Düsseldorf, and in the following year
he married and took over the management of his father’s business.
After a short period he gave up his commercial career,
and in 1770 became a member of the council for the duchies of
Jülich and Berg, in which capacity he distinguished himself
by his ability in financial affairs, and his zeal in social reform.
Jacobi kept up his interest in literary and philosophic matters
by an extensive correspondence, and his mansion at Pempelfort,
near Düsseldorf, was the centre of a distinguished literary circle.
With C. M. Wieland he helped to found a new literary journal.
Der Teutsche Mercur, in which some of his earliest writings,
mainly on practical or economic subjects, were published.
Here too appeared in part the first of his philosophic works,
Edward Allwills Briefsammlung (1776), a combination of romance
and speculation. This was followed in 1779 by Woldemar, a
philosophic novel, of very imperfect structure, but full of genial
- ↑ See the contemporary Chronicle called that of Joshua the Stylite, chap. 54.
- ↑ Assemani (Bibl. Orient. i. 305–339) enumerates 231 which he had seen in MSS.
- ↑ Some other historical poems M. Bedjan has not seen fit to publish, on account of their unreliable and legendary character (vol. i. p. ix. of preface).
- ↑ A full list of the older editions of works by Jacob is given by Wright in Short History of Syriac Literature, pp. 68–72.
