manipulation of the gardener, and is by him trained into shapes of
remarkable grace. Its pure white or rose-red blossoms, heralding
the first approach of genial weather, are regarded with special
favour and are accounted the symbol of unassuming hardihood.
The cherry (sakura) is even more esteemed. It will not suffer any
training, nor does it, like the plum, improve by pruning, but the
sunshine that attends its brief period of bloom in April, the magnificence
of its flower-laden boughs and the picturesque flutter of its
falling petals, inspired an ancient poet to liken it to the “soul of
Yamato” (Japan), and it has ever since been thus regarded. The
wild peach (momo) blooms at the same time, but attracts little attention.
All these trees—the plum, the cherry and the peach—bear no
fruit worthy of the name, nor do they excel their Occidental representatives
in wealth of blossom, but the admiring affection they
inspire in Japan is unique. Scarcely has the cherry season passed
when that of the wistaria (fuji) comes, followed by the azalea (tsutsuji)
and the iris (shōbu), the last being almost contemporaneous with the
peony (botan), which is regarded by many Japanese as the king of
flowers and is cultivated assiduously. A species of weeping maple
(shidare-momiji) dresses itself in peachy-red foliage and is trained
into many picturesque shapes, though not without detriment to its
longevity. Summer sees the lotus (renge) convert wide expanses
of lake and river into sheets of white and red blossoms; a comparatively
flowerless interval ensues until, in October and November,
the chrysanthemum arrives to furnish an excuse for fashionable
gatherings. With the exception of the dog-days and the dead of
winter, there is no season when flowers cease to be an object of
attention to the Japanese, nor does any class fail to participate in
the sentiment. There is similar enthusiasm in the matter of gardens.
From the 10th century onwards the art of landscape gardening
steadily grew into a science, with esoteric as well as exoteric aspects,
and with a special vocabulary. The underlying principle is to
reproduce nature’s scenic beauties, all the features being drawn to
scale, so that however restricted the space, there shall be no violation
of proportion. Thus the artificial lakes and hills, the stones forming
rockeries or simulating solitary crags, the trees and even the bushes
are all selected or manipulated so as to fall congruously into the
general scheme. If, on the one hand, huge stones are transported
hundreds of miles from seashore or river-bed where, in the lapse of
long centuries, waves and cataracts have hammered them into
strange shapes, and if the harmonizing of their various colours and
the adjustment of their forms to environment are studied with profound
subtlety, so the training and tending of the trees and shrubs
that keep them company require much taste and much toil. Thus
the red pine (aka-matsu or pinus densiflora), which is the favourite
garden tree, has to be subjected twice a year to a process of spray-dressing
which involves the careful removal of every weak or aged
needle. One tree occupies the whole time of a gardener for about ten
days. The details are endless, the results delightful. But it has to
be clearly understood that there is here no mention of a flower-garden
in the Occidental sense of the term. Flowers are cultivated,
but for their own sakes, not as a feature of the landscape garden.
If they are present, it is only as an incident. This of course does not
apply to shrubs which blossom at their seasons and fall always into
the general scheme of the landscape. Forests of cherry-trees, plum-trees,
magnolia trees, or hiyaku-jikkō (Lagerstroemia indica), banks of
azalea, clumps of hydrangea, groups of camellia—such have their
permanent places and their foliage adds notes of colour when their
flowers have fallen. But chrysanthemums, peonies, roses and so
forth, are treated as special shows, and are removed or hidden when
out of bloom. There is another remarkable feature of the Japanese
gardener’s art. He dwarfs trees so that they remain measurable
only by inches after their age has reached scores, even hundreds, of
years, and the proportions of leaf, branch and stem are preserved
with fidelity. The pots in which these wonders of patient skill are
grown have to be themselves fine specimens of the kceramist’s craft,
and as much as £200 is sometimes paid for a notably well trained tree.
There exists among many foreign observers an impression that Japan is comparatively poor in wild-flowers; an impression probably due to the fact that there are no flowery meadows or lanes. Besides, the flowers are curiously wanting in fragrance. Almost the only notable exceptions are the mokusei (Osmanthus fragrans), the daphne and the magnolia. Missing the perfume-laden air of the Occident, a visitor is prone to infer paucity of blossoms. But if some familiar European flowers are absent, they are replaced by others strange to Western eyes—a wealth of lespedeza and Indigo-fera; a vast variety of lilies; graceful grasses like the eulalia and the ominameshi (Patrina scabiosaefolia); the richly-hued Pyrus japonica; azaleas, diervillas and deutzias; the kikyo (Platycodon grandiflorum), the gibōshi (Funkia ovata), and many another. The same is true of Japanese forests. It has been well said that “to enumerate the constituents and inhabitants of the Japanese mountain-forests would be to name at least half the entire flora.”
According to Franchet and Savatier Japan possesses:—
| Families. | Genera. | Species. | |
| Dicotyledonous plants | 121 | 795 | 1934 |
| Monocotyledonous plants | 28 | 202 | 613 |
| Higher Cryptogamous plants | 5 | 38 | 196 |
| —— | —— | —— | |
| Vascular plants | 154 | 1035 | 2743 |
The investigations of Japanese botanists are adding constantly to the above number, and it is not likely that finality will be reached for some time. According to a comparison made by A. Gray with regard to the numbers of genera and species respectively represented in the forest trees of four regions of the northern hemisphere, the following is the case:—
| Atlantic Forest-region of N. America | 66 genera and | 155 species. |
| Pacific Forest-region of N. America | 31 genera and | 78 species. |
| Japan and Manchuria Forest-region | 66 genera and | 168 species. |
| Forests of Europe | 33 genera and | 85 species. |
While there can be no doubt that the luxuriance of Japan’s flora is due to rich soil, to high temperature and to rainfall not only plentiful but well distributed over the whole year, the wealth and variety of her trees and shrubs must be largely the result of immigration. Japan has four insular chains which link her to the neighbouring continent. On the south, the Riūkiū Islands bring her within reach of Formosa and the Malayan archipelago; on the west, Oki, Iki, and Tsushima bridge the sea between her and Korea; on the north-west Sakhalin connects her with the Amur region; and on the north, the Kuriles form an almost continuous route to Kamchatka. By these paths the germs of Asiatic plants were carried over to join the endemic flora of the country, and all found suitable homes amid greatly varying conditions of climate and physiography.
Fauna.—Japan is an exception to the general rule that continents are richer in fauna than are their neighbouring islands. It has been said with truth that “an industrious collector of beetles, butterflies, neuroptera, &c., finds a greater number of species in a circuit of some miles near Tōkyō than are exhibited by the whole British Isles.”
Of mammals 50 species have been identified and catalogued. Neither the lion nor the tiger is found. The true Carnivora are three only, the bear, the dog and the marten. Three species of bears are scientifically recognized, but one of them, the ice-bear (Ursus maritimus), is only an accidental visitor, carried down by the Arctic current. In the main island the black bear (kuma, Ursus japonicus) alone has its habitation, but the island of Yezo has the great brown bear (called shi-guma, oki-kuma or aka-kuma), the “grisly” of North America. The bear does not attract much popular interest in Japan. Tradition centres rather upon the fox (kitsune) and the badger (mujina), which are credited with supernatural powers, the former being worshipped as the messenger of the harvest god, while the latter is regarded as a mischievous rollicker. Next to these comes the monkey (saru), which dwells equally among the snows of the north and in the mountainous regions of the south. Saru enters into the composition of many place-names, an evidence of the people’s familiarity with the animal. There are ten species of bat (komori) and seven of insect-eaters, and prominent in this class are the mole (mugura) and the hedgehog (hari-nezumi). Among the martens there is a weasel (itachi), which, though useful as a rat-killer, has the evil repute of being responsible for sudden and mysterious injuries to human beings; there is a river-otter (kawauso), and there is a sea-otter (rakko) which inhabits the northern seas and is highly valued for its beautiful pelt. The rodents are represented by an abundance of rats, with comparatively few mice, and by the ordinary squirrel, to which the people give the name of tree-rat (ki-nezumi), as well as the flying squirrel, known as the momo-dori (peach-bird) in the north, where it hides from the light in hollow tree-trunks, and in the south as the ban-tori (or bird of evening). There are no rabbits, but hares (usagi) are to be found in very varying numbers, and those of one species put on a white coat during winter. The wild boar (shishi or ii-no-shishi) does not differ appreciably from its European congener. Its flesh is much relished, and for some unexplained reason is called by its vendors “mountain-whale” (yama-kujira). A very beautiful stag (shika), with eight-branched antlers, inhabits the remote woodlands, and there are five species of antelope (kamo-shika) which are found in the highest and least accessible parts of the mountains. Domestic animals have for representatives the horse (uma), a small beast with little beauty of form though possessing much hardihood and endurance; the ox (ushi) mainly a beast of burden or draught; the pig (buta), very occasionally; the dog (inu), an unsightly and useless brute; the cat (neko), with a stump in lieu of a tail; barndoor fowl (niwa-tori), ducks (ahiro) and pigeons (hato). The turkey (shichi-mencho) and the goose (gachō) have been introduced but are little appreciated as yet.
Although so-called singing birds exist in tolerable numbers, those worthy of the name of songster are few. Eminently first is a species of nightingale (uguisu), which, though smaller than its congener of the West, is gifted with exquisitely modulated flute-like notes of considerable range. The uguisu is a dainty bird in the matter of temperature. After May it retires from the low-lying regions and gradually ascends to higher altitudes as midsummer approaches. A variety of the cuckoo called holotogisu (Cuculus poliocephalus) in imitation of the sound of its voice, is heard as an accompaniment of the uguisu, and there are also three other species, the kakkōdori (Cuculus canorus), the tsutsu-dori (C. himalayanus), and the masuhakari, or juichi (C. hyperythrus). To these the lark, hibari (Alauda japonica), joins its voice, and the cooing of the pigeon (hato) is supplemented by the twittering of the ubiquitous sparrow (suzume),
