Leicester Ford (10 vols., New York, 1892–1899); letters in Massachusetts
Historical Society, Collections, series 7, vol. i.; S. E. Forman,
The Letters and Writings of Thomas Jefferson, including all his Important
Utterances on Public Questions (1900); J. P. Foley, The Jefferson
Cyclopaedia (New York, 1900); the Memoir, Correspondence, &c.,
by T. J. Randolph (4 vols., Charlottesville, Va., 1829); biographies by
James Schouler (“Makers of America Series,” New York, 1893),
John T. Morse (“American Statesmen Series,” Boston, 1883),
George Tucker (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1837); James Parton (Boston,
1874); and especially that by Henry S. Randall (3 vols., New York,
1853), a monumental work, although marred by some special
pleading, and sharing Jefferson’s implacable opinions of the “Monocrats.”
See also Henry Adams, History of the United States 1801–1817,
vols. 1–4 (New York, 1889–1890); Herbert B. Adams, Thomas
Jefferson and the University of Virginia (U. S. bureau of education,
Washington, 1888); Sarah N. Randolph, Domestic Life of Thomas
Jefferson (New York, 1871); and an illuminating appreciation by
W. P. Trent, in his Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime (New York,
1897); that by John Fiske, Essays, Historical and Literary, vol. i.
(New York, 1902), has slighter merits. (F. S. P.)
JEFFERSON CITY (legally and officially the City of Jefferson),
the capital of Missouri, U.S.A., and the county-seat of Cole
county, on the Missouri river, near the geographical centre of the
state, about 125 m. W. of St Louis. Pop. (1890), 6742; (1900),
9664, of whom 786 were foreign-born and 1822 were negroes;
(1910 census), 11,850. It is served by the Missouri Pacific,
the Chicago & Alton, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas
railways. Its site is partly in the bottom-lands of the river and
partly on the steep banks at an elevation of about 600 ft. above
the sea. A steel bridge spans the river. The state capitol, an
imposing structure built on a bluff above the river, was built in
1838–1842 and enlarged in 1887–1888; it was first occupied in
1840 by the legislature, which previously had met (after 1837)
in the county court house. Other prominent buildings are the
United States court house and post office, the state supreme court
house, the county court house, the state penitentiary, the state
armoury and the executive mansion. The penitentiary is to a
large extent self-supporting; in 1903–1904 the earnings were
$3493.80 in excess of the costs, but in 1904–1906 the costs
exceeded the earnings by $9044. Employment is furnished for
the convicts on the penitentiary premises by incorporated
companies. The state law library here is one of the best of
the kind in the country, and the city has a public library.
In the city is Lincoln Institute, a school for negroes, founded
in 1866 by two regiments of negro infantry upon their discharge
from the United States army, opened in 1868, taken over
by the state in 1879, and having sub-normal, normal, college,
industrial and agricultural courses. Coal and limestone are
found near the city. In 1905 the total value of the factory
product was $3,926,632, an increase of 28.2% since 1900.
The original constitution of Missouri prescribed that the capital
should be on the Missouri river within 40 m. of the mouth
of the Osage, and a commission selected in 1821 the site of
Jefferson City, on which a town was laid out in 1822, the name
being adopted in honour of Thomas Jefferson. The legislature
first met here in 1826; Jefferson City became the county-seat in
1828, and in 1839 was first chartered as a city. The constitutional
conventions of 1845 and 1875, and the state convention
which issued the call for the National Liberal Republican convention
at Cincinnati in 1872, met here, and so for some of its
sessions did the state convention of 1861–1863. In June 1861
Jefferson City was occupied by Union forces, and in September–October
1864 it was threatened by Confederate troops under
General Sterling Price.
JEFFERSONVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Clark county, Indiana, U.S.A., situated on the N. bank of the Ohio river, opposite Louisville, Kentucky, with which it is connected by several bridges. Pop. (1890), 10,666; (1900), 10,774, of whom 1818 were of negro descent and 615 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 10,412. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio South-western, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis railways, and by three inter-urban electric lines. It is attractively situated on bluffs above the river, which at this point has a descent (known as the falls of the Ohio) of 26 ft. in 2 m. This furnishes good water power for manufacturing purposes both at Jeffersonville and at Louisville. The total value of the factory product in 1905 was $4,526,443, an increase of 20% since 1900. The Indiana reformatory (formerly the Southern Indiana penitentiary) and a large supply dépôt of the United States army are at Jeffersonville. General George Rogers Clark started (June 24, 1778) on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes from Corn Island (now completely washed away) opposite what is now Jeffersonville. In 1786 the United States government established Fort Finney (built by Captain Walter Finney), afterwards re-named Fort Steuben, on the site of the present city; but the fort was abandoned in 1791, and the actual beginning of Jeffersonville was in 1802, when a part of the Clark grant (the site of the present city) was transferred by its original owner, Lieut. Isaac Bowman, to three trustees, under whose direction a town was laid out. Jeffersonville was incorporated as a town in 1815, and was chartered as a city in 1839.
JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY, Lord (1773–1850), Scottish judge and literary critic, son of a depute-clerk in the Court of Session, was born at Edinburgh on the 23rd of October 1773. After attending the high school for six years, he studied at the university of Glasgow from 1787 to May 1789, and at Queen’s College, Oxford, from September 1791 to June 1792. He had begun the study of law at Edinburgh before going to Oxford, and now resumed his studies there. He became a member of the speculative society, where he measured himself in debate with Scott, Brougham, Francis Horner, the marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Kinnaird and others. He was admitted to the Scotch bar in December 1794, but, having abandoned the Tory principles in which he had been educated, he found that his Whig politics seriously prejudiced his legal prospects. In consequence of his lack of success at the bar he went to London in 1798 to try his fortune as a journalist, but without success; he also made more than one vain attempt to obtain an office which would have secured him the advantage of a small but fixed salary. His marriage with Catherine Wilson in 1801 made the question of a settled income even more pressing. A project for a new review was brought forward by Sydney Smith in Jeffrey’s flat in the presence of H. P. Brougham (afterwards Lord Brougham), Francis Horner and others; and the scheme resulted in the appearance on the 10th of October 1802 of the first number of the Edinburgh Review. At the outset the Review was not under the charge of any special editor. The first three numbers were, however, practically edited by Sydney Smith, and on his leaving for England the work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with Constable, the publisher, was eventually appointed editor at a fixed salary. Most of those associated in the undertaking were Whigs; but, although the general bias of the Review was towards social and political reforms, it was at first so little of a party organ that for a time it numbered Sir Walter Scott among its contributors; and no distinct emphasis was given to its political leanings until the publication in 1808 of an article by Jeffrey himself on the work of Don Pedro Cevallos on the French Usurpation of Spain. This article expressed despair of the success of the British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon afterwards started in opposition. According to Lord Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was “electrical.” The English reviews were at that time practically publishers’ organs, the articles in which were written by hackwriters instructed to praise or blame according to the publishers’ interests. Few men of any standing consented to write for them. The Edinburgh Review, on the other hand, enlisted a brilliant and independent staff of contributors, guided by the editor, not the publisher. They received sixteen guineas a sheet (sixteen printed pages), increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, instead of the two guineas which formed the ordinary London reviewer’s fee. Further, the review was not limited to literary criticism. It constituted itself the accredited organ of moderate Whig public opinion. The particular work which provided the starting-point of an article was in many cases merely the occasion for the exposition, always
