valleys about Kalat (Mastang, for instance) are wide and fertile, full of thriving villages and strikingly picturesque; and in spite of the great preponderance of mountain wilderness (a wilderness which is, however, in many parts well adapted for the pasturage of sheep) existing in the Sarawan lowlands almost equally with the Jalawan highlands, it is not difficult to understand the importance which the province of Kalat, anciently called Turan (or Tubaran), maintained in the eyes of medieval Arab geographers (see Baluchistan). New light has been thrown on the history of Kalat by the translation of an unpublished manuscript obtained at Tatta by Mr Tate, of the Indian Survey Department, who has added thereto notes from the Tufhat-ul-Kiram, for the use of which he was indebted to Khan Sahib Rasul Baksh, mukhtiardar of Tatta. According to these authorities, the family of the khans of Kalat is of Arabic origin, and not, as is usually stated, of Brahuic extraction. They belong to the Ahmadzai branch of the Mirwari clan, which originally emigrated from Oman to the Kolwa valley of Mekran. The khan of Kalat, Mir Mahmud Khan, who succeeded his father in 1893, is the leading chieftain in the Baluch Confederacy. The revenue of the khan is estimated at nearly £60,000, including subsidies from the British government; and an accrued surplus of £240,000 has been invested in Indian securities.
See G. P. Tate, Kalat (Calcutta, 1896); Baluchistan District Gazetteer, vol. vi. (Bombay, 1907). (T. H. H.*)
KALAT-I-GHILZAI, a fort in Afghanistan. It is situated on
an isolated rocky eminence 5543 ft. above sea-level and 200 ft.
above the plain, on the right bank of the river Tarnak, on the
road between Kabul and Kandahar, 87 m. from Kandahar and
229 m. from Kabul. It is celebrated for its gallant defence by
Captain Craigie and a sepoy garrison against the Afghans in the
first Afghan War of 1842. In memory of this feat of arms, the
12th Pioneers still bear the name of “The Kalat-i-Ghilzai
Regiment,” and carry a special colour with the motto “Invicta.”
KALB, JOHANN (“Baron de Kalb”) (1721–1780), German
soldier in the American War of Independence, was born in
Hüttendorf, near Bayreuth, on the 29th of June 1721. He was of
peasant parentage, and left home when he was sixteen to become
a butler; in 1743 he was a lieutenant in a German regiment
in the French service, calling himself at this time Jean de Kalb.
He served with the French in the War of the Austrian Succession,
becoming captain in 1747 and major in 1756; in the Seven
Years’ War he was in the corps of the comte de Broglie, rendering
great assistance to the French after Rossbach (November
1757) and showing great bravery at Bergen (April 1759); and in
1763 he resigned his commission. As secret agent, appointed by
Choiseul, he visited America in 1768–1769 to inquire into the feeling
of the colonists toward Great Britain. From his retirement at
Milon la Chapelle, Kalb went to Metz for garrison duty under
de Broglie in 1775. Soon afterwards he received permission to
volunteer in the army of the American colonies, in which the
rank of major-general was promised to him by Silas Deane.
After many delays he sailed with eleven other officers on the ship
fitted out by Lafayette and arrived at Philadelphia in July 1777.
His commission from Deane was disallowed, but the Continental
Congress granted him the rank of major-general (dating from the
15th of September 1777), and in October he joined the army,
where his growing admiration for Washington soon led him to
view with disfavour de Broglie’s scheme for putting a European
officer in chief command. Early in 1778, as second in command
to Lafayette for the proposed expedition against Canada, he
accompanied Lafayette to Albany; but no adequate preparations
had been made, and the expedition was abandoned. In April
1780, he was sent from Morristown, New Jersey, with his division
of Maryland men, his Delaware regiment and the 1st artillery, to
relieve Charleston, but on arriving at Petersburg, Virginia, he
learned that Charleston had already fallen. In his camp at
Buffalo Ford and Deep River, General Horatio Gates joined him
on the 25th of July; and next day Gates led the army by the short
and desolate road directly towards Camden. On the 11th–13th
of August, when Kalb advised an immediate attack on Rawdon,
Gates hesitated and then marched to a position on the Salisbury-Charlotte
road which he had previously refused to take. On the
14th Cornwallis had occupied Camden, and a battle took place
there on the 16th when, the other American troops having broken
and fled, Kalb, unhorsed and fighting fiercely at the head of his
right wing, was wounded eleven times. He was taken prisoner
and died on the 19th of August 1780 in Camden. Here in 1825
Lafayette laid the corner-stone of a monument to him. In 1887
a statue of him by Ephraim Keyser was dedicated in Annapolis, Maryland.
See Friedrich Kapp, Leben des amerikanischen Generals Johann Kalb (Stuttgart, 1862; English version, privately printed, New York, 1870), which is summarized in George W. Greene’s The German Element in the War of American Independence (New York, 1876).
KALCKREUTH (or Kalkreuth), FRIEDRICH ADOLF,
Count von (1737–1818), Prussian soldier, entered the regiment
of Gardes du Corps in 1752, and in 1758 was adjutant or aide de
camp to Frederick the Great’s brother, Prince Henry, with whom
he served throughout the later stages of the Seven Years’ War.
He won special distinction at the battle of Freiberg (Sept. 29,
1762), for which Frederick promoted him major. Personal
differences with Prince Henry severed their connexion in 1766,
and for many years Kalckreuth lived in comparative retirement.
But he made the campaign of the War of the Bavarian Succession
as a colonel, and on the accession of Frederick William II. was
restored to favour. He greatly distinguished himself as a major-general
in the invasion of Holland in 1787, and by 1792 had become
count and lieutenant-general. Under Brunswick he took
a conspicuous part in the campaign of Valmy in 1792, the siege
and capture of Mainz in 1793, and the battle of Kaiserslautern in
1794. In the campaigns against Napoleon in 1806 he played a
marked part for good or evil, both at Auerstädt and in the miserable
retreat of the beaten Prussians. In 1807 he defended Danzig
for 78 days against the French under Marshal Lefebvre, with far
greater skill and energy than he had shown in the previous year.
He was promoted field marshal soon afterwards, and conducted
many of the negotiations at Tilsit. He died as governor of Berlin
in 1818.
The Dictées du Feldmaréchal Kalckreuth were published by his son (Paris, 1844).
KALCKREUTH, LEOPOLD, Count von (1855– ), German
painter, a direct descendant of the famous field-marshal (see
above), was born at Düsseldorf, received his first training at
Weimar from his father, the landscape painter Count Stanislaus
von Kalckreuth (1820–1894), and subsequently studied at the
academies of Weimar and Munich. Although he painted some
portraits remarkable for their power of expression, he devoted
himself principally to depicting with relentless realism the
monotonous life of the fishing folk on the sea-coast, and of the
peasants in the fields. His palette is joyless, and almost melancholy,
and in his technique he is strongly influenced by the impressionists.
He was one of the founders of the secessionist
movement. From 1885 to 1890 Count von Kalckreuth was
professor at the Weimar art school. In 1890 he resigned his professorship
and retired to his estate of Höckricht in Silesia, where
he occupied himself in painting subjects drawn from the life of
the country-folk. In 1895 he became a professor at the art
school at Karlsruhe. The Munich Pinakothek has his “Rainbow”
and the Dresden Gallery his “Old Age.” Among his
chief works are the “Funeral at Dachau,” “Homewards,”
“Wedding Procession in the Carpathian Mountains,” “The
Gleaners,” “Old Age,” “Before the Fish Auction,” “Summer,” and “Going to School.”
See A. Ph. W. v. Kalckreuth, Gesch. der Herren, Freiherren und Grafen von Kalckreuth (Potsdam, 1904).
KALEIDOSCOPE (from Gr. καλός, beautiful, εἶδος, form, and
σκοπεῖν, to view). The article Reflection explains the symmetrical
arrangement of images formed by two mirrors inclined at
an angle which is a sub-multiple of four right angles. This is
the principle of the kaleidoscope, an optical toy which received
its present form at the hands of Sir David Brewster about the
