he took little or no part in the vexed internal affairs of the Dual Monarchy, and he came little before the public except at the annual statement on foreign affairs before the Delegations. His management of the affairs of his department was, however, very successful; he confirmed and maintained the alliance with Germany, which had been formed by his predecessors, and co-operated with Bismarck in the arrangements by which Italy joined the alliance. Kalnóky’s special influence was seen in the improvement of Austrian relations with Russia, following on the meeting of the three emperors in September 1884 at Skiernevice, at which he was present. His Russophile policy caused some adverse criticism in Hungary. His friendliness for Russia did not, however, prevent him from strengthening the position of Austria as against Russia in the Balkan Peninsula by the establishment of a closer political and commercial understanding with Servia and Rumania. In 1885 he interfered after the battle of Slivnitza to arrest the advance of the Bulgarians on Belgrade, but he lost influence in Servia after the abdication of King Milan. Though he kept aloof from the Clerical party, Kalnóky was a strong Catholic; and his sympathy for the difficulties of the Church caused adverse comment in Italy, when, in 1891, he stated in a speech before the Delegations that the question of the position of the pope was still unsettled. He subsequently explained that by this he did not refer to the Roman question, which was permanently settled, but to the possibility of the pope leaving Rome. The jealousy felt in Hungary against the Ultramontanes led to his fall. In 1895 a case of clerical interference in the internal affairs of Hungary by the nuncio Agliardi aroused a strong protest in the Hungarian parliament, and consequent differences between Bánffy, the Hungarian minister, and the minister for foreign affairs led to Kalnóky’s resignation. He died on the 13th of February 1898 at Prödlitz in Moravia.
KALOCSA, a town of Hungary, in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun,
88 m. S. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900),
11,372. It is situated in a marshy but highly productive district,
near the left bank of the Danube, and was once of far
greater importance than at present. Kalocsa is the see of one
of the four Roman Catholic archbishops in Hungary. Amongst
its buildings are a fine cathedral, the archiepiscopal palace, an
astronomical observatory, a seminary for priests, and colleges
for training of male and female teachers. The inhabitants of
Kalocsa and its wide-spreading communal lands are chiefly
employed in the cultivation of the vine, fruit, flax, hemp and
cereals, in the capture of water-fowl and in fishing. Kalocsa
is one of the oldest towns in Hungary. The present archbishopric,
founded about 1135, is a development of a bishopric
said to have been founded in the year 1000 by King Stephen the
Saint. It suffered much during the 16th century from the
hordes of Ottomans who then ravaged the country. A large
part of the town was destroyed by a fire in 1875.
KALPI, or Calpee, a town of British India, in the Jalaun
district of the United Provinces, on the right bank of the Jumna,
45 m. S.W. of Cawnpore. Pop. (1901), 10,139. It was founded,
according to tradition, by Vasudeva, at the end of the 4th century
A.D. In 1196 it fell to Kutab-ud-din, the viceroy of Mahommed
Ghori, and during the subsequent Mahommedan period it played
a large part in the annals of this part of India. About the
middle of the 18th century it passed into the hands of the Mahrattas.
It was captured by the British in 1803, and since 1806
has remained in British possession. In May 1858 Sir Hugh
Rose (Lord Strathnairn) defeated here a force of about 10,000
rebels under the rani of Jhansi. Kalpi had a mint for copper
coinage in the reign of Akbar; and the East India Company made
it one of their principal stations for providing the “commercial
investment.” The old town, which is beside the river, has ruins
of a fort, and several temples of interest, while in the neighbourhood
are many ancient tombs. There is a lofty modern tower
ornamented with representations of the battles of the Ramayana.
The new town lies away from the river to the south-east. Kalpi
is still a centre of local trade (principally in grain, ghi and cotton),
with a station on the Indian Midland railway from Jhansi to
Cawnpore, which here crosses the Jumna. There are manufactures
of sugar and paper.
KALUGA, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by
those of Moscow, Smolensk, Orel and Tula, with an area of
11,942 sq. m. Its surface is an undulating plain, reaching 800
to 900 ft. in its highest parts, which lie in the S.W., and deeply
trenched by watercourses, especially in the N.E. The Oka, a
main tributary of the Volga, and its confluents (the Zhizdra and
Ugra) drain all but a strip of country in the west, which is
traversed by the Bolva, an affluent of the Dnieper. The government
is built up mainly of carboniferous deposits (coal-bearing),
with patches of the soft Jurassic clays and limestones which
formerly covered them. Cretaceous deposits occur in the S.W.,
and Devonian limestones and shales crop out in the S.E. The
government is covered with a thick layer of boulder clay in the
north, with vast ridges and fields of boulders brought during the
Glacial Period from Finland and the government of Olonets; large
areas in the middle are strewn with flint boulders and patches
of loess are seen farther south. The mean annual temperature is
41° F. Iron ores are the chief mineral wealth, nearly 40,000
persons being engaged in mining. Beds of coal occur in several
places, and some of them are worked. Fireclay, china-clay,
chalk, grindstone, pure quartz sand, phosphorite and copper are
also extracted. Forests cover 20% of the surface, and occur
chiefly in the south. The soil is not very suitable for agriculture,
and owing to a rather dense population, considerable numbers of
the inhabitants find occupation in industry, or as carriers and
carpenters for one-half of the year at the Black Sea ports.
The population (1,025,705 in 1860) was 1,176,353 in 1897, nearly all Great Russians. There were 116 women to 100 men, and out of the total population 94,853 lived in towns. The estimated population in 1906 was 1,287,300. Of the total area over 4,000,000 acres are owned by the peasant communities, nearly 3,000,000 acres by private owners and some 250,000 by the Crown. The principal crops are rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, and potatoes. Hemp is grown for local use and export. Bees are kept. The chief non-agricultural industries are distilleries, iron-works, factories for cloth, cottons, paper, matches, leather and china, flour-mills and oil works. Large quantities of wooden wares are fabricated in the villages of the south. A considerable trade is carried on in hemp, hempseed and hempseed oil, corn and hides; and iron, machinery, leather, glass, chemicals and linen are exported. The government is divided into 11 districts, the chief towns of which, with their populations in 1897, are: Kaluga (49,728), Borovsk (8407), Kozelsk (5908), Likhvin (1776), Maloyaroslavets (2500), Medyn (4392), Meshchovsk (3667), Mosalsk (2652), Peremyshl (3956), Tarusa (1989) and Zhizdra (5996). (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)
KALUGA, the chief town of the above government, situated
on the left bank of the Oka, 117 m. S.W. of Moscow by rail,
in 54° 31′ N. and 36° 6′ E. Pop. (1870), 36,880; (1897) 49,728.
It is the see of a Greek Orthodox bishop. The public buildings
include the cathedral of the Trinity (rebuilt in the 19th century
in place of an older edifice dating from 1687), two monastic
establishments, an ecclesiastical seminary, and a lunatic asylum.
The principal articles of industrial production are leather, oil,
bast mats, wax candles, starch and Kaluga cakes. The first
historical mention of Kaluga occurs in 1389; its incorporation
with the principality of Moscow took place in 1518. In 1607
it was held by the second false Demetrius and vainly besieged
for four months by the forces of Shuisky, who had ascended the
Russian throne as Basil IV. on the death of the first false
Demetrius. In 1619 Kaluga fell into the hands of the hetman
or chief of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. Later two-thirds of its
inhabitants were carried off by a plague; and in 1622 the whole
place was laid waste by a conflagration. It recovered, however,
in spite of several other conflagrations (especially in 1742 and
1754). On several occasions Kaluga was the residence of political
prisoners; among others Shamyl, the Lesghian chief, spent
his exile there (1859–1870).
KALYAN, a town of British India, in the Thana district of Bombay, situated 33 m. N.E. of Bombay city, where the two
