half for the drone note, the back half for the chromatic semitone,
thus:—
||
DEB♭
C F G A B C
This arrangement, which accomplishes its object without sacrifice, was to be found early in the 17th century in the organs of the monasteries of Riddageshausen and of Bayreuth in Vogtland.
See A. J. Hipkins, History of the Pianoforte (London, 1896), and the older works of Girolamo Diruta (1597), Praetorius (1618), and Mersenne (1636). (K. S.)
KEYSTONE, the central voussoir of an arch (q.v.). The
Etruscans and the Romans emphasized its importance by
decorating it with figures and busts, and, in their triumphal
arches, projected it forward and utilized it as an additional
support to the architrave above. Throughout the Italian
period it forms an important element in the design, and serves
to connect the arch with the horizontal mouldings running
above it. In Gothic architecture there is no keystone, but the junction of pointed ribs at their summit is sometimes decorated with a boss to mask the intersection.
KEY WEST (from the Spanish Cayo Hueso, “Bone Reef”), a
city, port of entry, and the county-seat of Monroe county,
Florida, U.S.A., situated on a small coral island (412 m. long
and about 1 m. wide) of the same name, 60 m. S. W. of Cape Sable,
the most southerly point of the mainland. It is connected by
lines of steamers with Miami and Port Tampa, with Galveston,
Texas, with Mobile, Alabama, with Philadelphia and New York
City, and with West Indian ports, and by regular schooner lines
with New York City, the Bahamas, British Honduras, &c. There
is now an extension of the Florida East Coast railway from
Miami to Key West (155 m.). Pop. (1880), 9890; (1890), 18,080;
(1900), 17,114, of whom 7266 were foreign-born and 5562 were
negroes; (1910 census), 19,945. The island is notable for its
tropical vegetation and climate. The jasmine, almond, banana,
cork and coco-nut palm are among the trees. The oleander
grows here to be a tree, and there is a banyan tree, said to be the
only one growing out of doors in the United States. There are
many species of plants in Key West not found elsewhere in North
America. The mean annual temperature is 76° F., and the mean
of the hottest months is 82.2° F.; that of the coldest months is
69° F.; thus the mean range of temperature is only 13°. The
precipitation is 35 in.; most of the rain falls in the “rainy season”
from May to November, and is preserved in cisterns by the inhabitants
as the only supply of drinking water. The number of
cloudy days per annum averages 60. The city occupies the
highest portion of the island. The harbour accommodates
vessels drawing 27 ft.; vessels of 27–30 ft. draft can enter by
either the “Main Ship” channel or the south-west channel; the
south-east channel admits vessels of 25 ft. draft or less; and
four other channels may be used by vessels of 15–19 ft. draft.
The harbour is defended by Fort Taylor, built on the island of
Key West in 1846, and greatly improved and modernized after
the Spanish-American War of 1898. Among the buildings are
the United States custom house, the city hall, a convent, and a
public library.
In 1869 the insignificant population of Key West was greatly increased by Cubans who left their native island after an attempt at revolution; they engaged in the manufacture of tobacco, and Key West cigars were soon widely known. Towards the close of the 19th century this industry suffered from labour troubles, from the competition of Tampa, Florida, and from the commercial improvement of Havana, Cuba; but soon after 1900 the tobacco business of Key West began to recover. Immigrants from the Bahama Islands form another important element in the population. They are known as “Conchs,” and engage in sponge fishing. In 1905 the value of factory products was $4,254,024 (an increase of 37.7% over the value in 1900); the exports in 1907 were valued at $852,457; the imports were valued at $994,472, the excess over the exports being due to the fact that the food supply of the city is derived from other Florida ports and from the West Indies.
According to tradition the native Indian tribes of Key West, after being almost annihilated by the Caloosas, fled to Cuba. There are relics of early European occupation of the island which suggest that it was once the resort of pirates. The city was settled about 1822. The Seminole War and the war of the United States with Mexico gave it some military importance. In 1861 Confederate forces attempted to seize Fort Taylor, but they were successfully resisted by General William H. French.
KHABAROVSK (known as Khabarovka until 1895), a town
of Asiatic Russia, capital of the Amur region and of the Maritime
Province. Pop. (1897), 14,932. It was founded in 1858 and
is situated on a high cliff on the right bank of the Amur, at its
confluence with the Usuri, in 48° 28′ N. and 135° 6′ E. It is
connected by rail with Vladivostok (480 m.), and is an important
entrepôt for goods coming down the Usuri and its tributary the
Sungacha, as well as a centre of trade, especially in sables. The
town is built of wood, and has a large cathedral, a monument
(1891) to Count Muraviev-Amurskiy, a cadet corps (new building
1904), a branch of the Russian Geographical Society, with
museum, and a technical railway school.
KHAIRAGARH, a feudatory state in the Central Provinces, India. Area, 931 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 137,554, showing a decrease
of 24% in the decade due to the effects of famine; estimated
revenue, £20,000; tribute £4600. The chief, who is descended
from the old Gond royal family, received the title of raja as an
hereditary distinction in 1898. The state includes a fertile plain,
yielding rice and cotton. Its prosperity has been promoted by
the Bengal-Nagpur railway, which has a station at Dongargarh,
the largest town (pop. 5856), connected by road with Khairagarh
town, the residence of the raja.
KHAIREDDIN (Khair-ed-Din = “Joy of Religion”) (d.
1890), Turkish statesman, was of Circassian race, but nothing is
known about his birth and parentage. In early boyhood he was
in the hands of a Tunisian slave-dealer, by whom he was sold to
Hamuda Pasha, then bey of Tunis, who gave him his freedom and
a French education. When Khaireddin left school the bey made
him steward of his estates, and from this position he rose to be
minister of finance. When the prime minister, Mahmud ben
Ayad, absconded to France with the treasure-chest of the beylic,
Hamuda despatched Khaireddin to obtain the extradition of the
fugitive. The mission failed; but the six years it occupied enabled
Khaireddin to make himself widely known in France, to become
acquainted with French political ideas and administrative
methods, and, on his return to Tunisia, to render himself more
than ever useful to his government. Hamuda died while Khaireddin
was in France, but he was highly appreciated by the three
beys—Ahmet (1837), Mohammed (1855), and Sadok (1859)—who
in turn followed Hamuda, and to his influence was due the
sequence of liberal measures which distinguished their successive
reigns. Khaireddin also secured for the reigning family the confirmation
from the sultan of Turkey of their right of succession
to the beylic. But although Khaireddin’s protracted residence
in France had imbued him with liberal ideas, it had not made him
a French partisan, and he strenuously opposed the French scheme
of establishing a protectorate over Tunisia upon which France
embarked in the early ’seventies. This rendered him obnoxious
to Sadok’s prime minister—an apostate Jew named Mustapha
ben Ismael—who succeeded in completely undermining the bey’s
confidence in him. His position thus became untenable in
Tunisia, and shortly after the accession of Abdul Hamid he
acquainted the sultan with his desire to enter the Turkish service.
In 1877 the sultan bade him come to Constantinople, and on his
arrival gave him a seat on the Reform Commission then sitting
at Tophane. Early in 1879 the sultan appointed him grand vizier,
and shortly afterwards he prepared a scheme of constitutional
government, but Abdul Hamid refused to have anything to do
with it. Thereupon Khaireddin resigned office, on the 28th of
July 1879. More than once the sultan offered him anew the
grand vizierate, but Khaireddin persistently refused it, and thus
incurred disfavour. He died on the 30th of January 1890,
practically a prisoner in his own house.
KHAIRPUR, or Khyrpoor, a native state of India, in the Sind province of Bombay. Area, 6050 sq. m.; pop. (1901),
