States. The total value of the city’s factory products was $36,058,447 in 1900 and $23,054,412 in 1905. The municipality owns and operates its water-works. The first white settler was David McKee, who established a ferry here in 1769. In 1795 his son John laid out the town, which was named in his honour, but its growth was very slow until after the discovery of coal in 1830. McKeesport was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and chartered as a city in 1890.
McKEES ROCKS, a borough of Allegheny county, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., on the Ohio river, about 3 m. N.W. of Pittsburg.
Pop. (1890) 1687; (1900) 6352 (1264 foreign-born); (1910)
14,702. McKees Rocks is served by the Pittsburg & Lake Erie
and the Pittsburg, Chartiers & Youghiogheny railways, the
latter a short line extending (13 m.) to Beechmont. Bituminous
coal and natural gas are found in the vicinity, and the borough
ships coal and lumber, and has various important manufactures.
There is an ancient Indian mound here. The first settlement
was made in 1830, and the borough incorporated in 1892.
MACKENNAL, ALEXANDER (1835–1904), English Nonconformist
divine, was born at Truro in Cornwall, on the 14th of
January 1835, the son of Patrick Mackennal, a Scot, who had
settled in Cornwall. In 1848 the family removed to London,
and at sixteen he went to Glasgow University. In 1854 he
entered Hackney College to prepare for the Congregational
ministry, and in 1857 he graduated B.A. at London University.
After holding pastorates at Burton-on-Trent (1856–1861),
Surbiton (1862–1870), Leicester (1870–1876), he finally
accepted the pastorate of the Congregational Church at Bowdon,
Cheshire, in 1877, in which he remained till his death. In 1886
he was chairman of the Congregational Union, which he represented
in 1889 at the triannual national council of the American
Congregational churches. The first international council of
Congregationalists held in London in 1891 was partly cause,
partly consequence, of his visit, and Mackennal acted as secretary.
In 1892 he became definitely associated in the public
mind with a movement for free church federation which grew
out of a series of meetings held to discuss the question of home
reunion. When the Lambeth articles put forward as a basis
of union were discussed, it was evident that all the free churches
were agreed in accepting the three articles dealing with the
Bible, the Creed and the Sacraments as a basis of discussion,
and were also agreed in rejecting the fourth article, which put
the historic episcopate on the same level as the other three.
Omitting the Anglicans, the representatives of the remaining
churches resolved to develop Christian fellowship by united
action and worship wherever possible. Out of this grew the
Free Church Federation, which secures a measure of co-operation
between the Protestant Evangelical churches throughout England.
Mackennal’s public action brought him into association
with many well-known political and religious leaders. He
was a lifelong advocate of international peace, and made a
remarkable declaration as to the Christian standard of national
action when the Free Church Federation met at Leeds during
the South African War in 1900.
Besides a volume of sermons under the title Christ’s Healing Touch, Mackennal published The Biblical Scheme of Nature and of Man, The Christian Testimony, the Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, The Kingdom of the Lord Jesus and The Eternal God and the Human Sonship. These are contributions to exegetical study or to theological and progressive religious thought, and have elements of permanent value. He also made some useful contributions to religious history. In 1893 he published the Story of the English Separatists, and later the Homes and Haunts of the Pilgrim Fathers; he also wrote the life of Dr J. A. Macfadyen of Manchester. In 1901 he delivered a series of lectures at Hartford Theological Seminary, Connecticut, U.S.A., published under the title The Evolution of Congregationalism. He died at Highgate on the 23rd of June 1904.
See D. Macfadyen, Life and Letters of Alexander Mackennal (1905). (D. Mn.)
MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755–1820), Canadian
explorer, was probably a native of Inverness, Emigrating to
North America at an early age, he was for several years engaged
in the fur trade at Fort Chippewyan, at the head of Lake Athabasca,
and it was here that his schemes of travel were formed.
His first journey, made in 1789, was from Fort Chippewyan
along the Great Slave Lake, and down the river which now bears
his name to the Arctic Ocean; and his second, made in 1792 and
1793, from Fort Chippewyan across the Rocky Mountains to
the Pacific coast near Cape Menzies. He wrote an account of
these journeys, Voyages on the River St Lawrence and through
the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans
(London, 1801), which is of considerable interest from the
information it contains about the native tribes. It is prefaced
by an historical dissertation on the Canadian fur trade. Amassing
considerable wealth, Mackenzie was knighted in 1802, and
later settled in Scotland. He died at Mulnain, near Dunkeld, on
the 11th of March 1820.
MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822–1892), Canadian statesman,
was born in Perthshire, Scotland, on the 28th of January,
1822. His father was a builder, and young Mackenzie emigrated
to Canada in 1842, and worked in Ontario as a stone-mason,
setting up for himself later as a builder and contractor at Sarnia
with his brother. In 1852 his interest in questions of reform led
to his becoming the editor of the Lambton Shield, a local Liberal
paper. This brought him to the front, and in 1861 he became a
member of the Canadian parliament, where he at once made his
mark and was closely connected with the liberal leader, George
Brown. He was elected for Lambton to the first Dominion
house of commons in 1867, and soon became the leader of the
liberal opposition; from 1871 to 1872 he also sat in the Ontario
provincial assembly, and held the position of provincial
treasurer. In 1873 the attack on Sir John Macdonald’s ministry
with regard to the Pacific Railway charter resulted in its defeat,
and Mackenzie formed a new government, taking the portfolio
of public works and becoming the first liberal premier of Canada.
He remained in power till 1878, when industrial depression
enabled Macdonald to return to office on a protectionist programme.
In 1875 Mackenzie paid a visit to Great Britain, and
was received at Windsor by Queen Victoria; he was offered a
knighthood, but declined it. After his defeat he suffered from
failing health, gradually resulting in almost total paralysis, but
though in 1880 he resigned the leadership of the opposition, he
retained a seat in parliament till his death at Toronto on the 17th
of April 1892. While perhaps too cautious to be the ideal leader
of a young and vigorous community, his grasp of detail, indefatigable
industry, and unbending integrity won him the respect
even of his political opponents.
His Life and Times by William Buckingham and the Hon. George W. Ross (Toronto, 1892) contains documents of much interest. See also George Stewart, Canada under the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin (Toronto, 1878).
MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847– ),
British composer, son of an eminent Edinburgh violinist and
conductor, was born on the 22nd of August 1847. On the advice
of a member of Gung’l’s band who had taken up his residence in
Edinburgh, Mackenzie was sent for his musical education to
Sondershausen, where he entered the conservatorium under
Ulrich and Stein, remaining there from 1857 to 1861, when he
entered the ducal orchestra as a violinist. At this time he made
Liszt’s acquaintance. On his return home he won the King’s
Scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music, and remained the
usual three years in the institution, after which he established
himself as a teacher of the piano, &c., in Edinburgh. He
appeared in public as a violinist, taking part in Chappell’s
quartette concerts, and starting a set of classical concerts. He
was appointed precentor of St George’s Church in 1870, and
conductor of the Scottish vocal music association in 1873, at the
same time getting through a prodigious amount of teaching.
He kept in touch with his old friends by playing in the orchestra
of the Birmingham Festivals from 1864 to 1873. The most
important compositions of this period of Mackenzie’s life were
the Quartette in E flat for piano and strings. Op. 11, and an
