wealth; and in the development of its educational system, in which the state has exerted a large influence throughout the Union. From the beginning of its government under its first state constitution in 1835 until 1855 Michigan had a Democratic administration with the exception of the years 1840–1842, when opposition to the financial measures of the Democrats placed the Whigs in power. But it was in Michigan that the Republican party received its first official recognition, at a state convention held at Jackson on the 6th of July 1857, and from the beginning of the following year the administration has been Republican with the exception of two terms from 1883 to 1885, and from 1891 to 1893, when it was again Democratic.
Governors of Michigan | ||
| Territorial. | ||
| William Hull | 1805–1813 | |
| Lewis Cass | 1813–1831 | |
| Stevens Thompson Mason (acting) | 1831 | |
| George Bryan Porter | 1831–1834 | |
| Stevens Thompson Mason (acting) | 1834–1835 | |
| John Scott Horner (acting) | 1835 | |
| State. | ||
| Stevens Thompson Mason | Democrat | 1835–1840 |
| William Woodbridge | Whig | 1840–1841 |
| James Wright Gordon (acting) | 〃 | 1841–1842 |
| John Steward Barry . | Democrat | 1842–1846 |
| Alpheus Felch | 〃 | 1846–1847 |
| William L. Greenly (acting) | 〃 | 1847–1848 |
| Epaphroditus Ransom | 〃 | 1848–1850 |
| John Steward Barry | 〃 | 1850–1851 |
| Robert McClelland | 〃 | 1851–1853 |
| Andrew Parsons (acting) | 〃 | 1853–1855 |
| Kinsley S. Bingham | Republican | 1855–1859 |
| Moses Wisner | 〃 | 1859–1861 |
| Austin Blair | 〃 | 1861–1865 |
| Henry Howland Crapo | 〃 | 1865–1869 |
| Henry Porter Baldwin | 〃 | 1869–1873 |
| John Judson Bagley | 〃 | 1873–1877 |
| Charles Miller Croswell | 〃 | 1877–1881 |
| David Howell Jerome | 〃 | 1881–1883 |
| Josiah W. Begole | Democrat and Greenback | 1883–1885 |
| Russell Alexander Alger | Republican | 1885–1887 |
| Cyrus Gray Luce | 〃 | 1887–1891 |
| Edwin Baruch Winans | Democrat | 1891–1893 |
| John T. Rich | Republican | 1893–1897 |
| Hazen Smith Pingree | 〃 | 1897–1901 |
| Aaron Thomas Bliss | 〃 | 1901–1905 |
| Fred M. Warner | 〃 | 1905–1911 |
| Chase S. Osborn | 〃 | 1911 |
Authorities.—The Publications of the Michigan Geological Survey (Detroit, Lansing and New York, 1838 seq.) deal largely with the mining districts of the upper peninsula. Alexander Winchell, Michigan: Being Condensed Popular Sketches of the Topography, Climate and Geology of the State (1873), is in large measure restricted to the south half of the state. W. J. Beal and C. F. Wheeler, Michigan Flora (Lansing, 1892), contains the results of an extensive study of the subject. See also the Twelfth Census of the United States (Washington, 1901–1902); Silas Farmer, Michigan Book: a State Cyclopaedia with Sectional County Maps (Detroit, 1901); Bela Hubbard, Memorials of a Half-Century (New York, 1887), a well written account of observations, chiefly upon scenery, fauna, flora and climate; Webster Cook, Michigan: its History and Government (New York, 1905), written primarily for use in schools and containing a reference bibliography; A. C. McLaughlin, History of Higher Education in Michigan, in Circulars of Information of the United States Bureau of Education (Washington, 1891), being an account of the origin of the public school system and an individual account of each higher institution of learning; T. M. Cooley, Michigan: a History of Government (Boston, 1885), a critical but popular narrative by an eminent jurist; J. V. Campbell, Outlines of the Political History of Michigan (Detroit, 1876), also by a jurist of the state; Henry M. Utley and Byron M. Cutcheon, Michigan as a Province, Territory and State (4 vols., New York, 1906); Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, Historical Collections: Collections and Researches (Lansing, 1877 seq.); and Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association (Ann Arbor, 1893).
MICHIGAN, LAKE, the only one of the great lakes of North
America wholly within the boundaries of the United States,
and the second largest body of fresh water in the world. It
lies S. of Lake Superior and W. of Lake Huron, between
41° 37′ and 46° 05′ N. and 84° 45′ and 88° W.; is bounded
on the N. and E. by the state of Michigan, on the W. by
Wisconsin, while Illinois and Indiana touch its S. end. It
is 320 m. long, and has an average width of 65 m. The
maximum depth recorded by the United States Lake Survey is
870 ft.; the mean level of the surface is 58113 ft. above mean
sea-level, being the same as that of Lake Huron and 21 ft. below
that of Lake Superior. Its area is 22,400 sq. m., and it has a
basin 68,100 sq. m. in area.
The shores of Lake Michigan are generally low and sandy, and the land slopes gradually to the water. The northern shore of the lake is irregular and more rugged and picturesque than the other shores, the summit of the highest peak being about 1400 ft. above the sea. On the eastern side are numerous sand hills, formed by the wind into innumerable fantastic shapes, sometimes covered with stunted trees and scanty vegetation, but usually bare and rising to heights of from 150 to 250 ft. The south-western shore is generally low, with sand hills covered with shrivelled pines and bur oaks. Along the western shore woods and prairies alternate, interspersed with a few high peaks. The cliffs on the east shore of Green Bay form a bold escarpment, and from this ridge the land slopes gradually to the lake. With the exception of Green and Traverse bays, Lake Michigan has few indentations of the coast line, and except at the north end it is free from islands. The waters near shore are shoal, and as there are few harbours of refuge of easy access navigation is dangerous in heavy storms. Around the lake the climate is equable, for, though the winter is cold and the summer hot, the waters of the lake modify the extremes, the mean temperature varying from 40° to 54° F. The average annual rainfall is 33 in. The finest agricultural land in the United States is near the lake, and there is an immense trade in all grains, fruits, livestock and lumber, and in products such as flour, pork, hides, leather goods, furniture, &c. Rich lead and copper mines abound, as also salt, iron and coal. Abundant water power promotes manufactures of all kinds. Beer and distilled liquors are largely manufactured, and fine building stone is obtained from numerous quarries.
The lake is practically tideless, though true tidal pulsations amounting to 3 in. in height are stated to have been observed in Chicago. In the water of the lake there is a general set of current towards the outlet at the strait of Mackinac, following the east shore, with slight circular currents in the main portion of the lake and at the northern end around Beaver island. These currents vary in speed from 4 to 10 m. per day. Surface currents are set up by prevailing winds, which also seriously affect water levels, lowering the water at Chicago and raising it at the strait, or the reverse, so as greatly to inconvenience navigation. The level of the lake is subject to seasonal fluctuations, reaching a maximum in midsummer and a minimum in February, as well as to alternating cycles of years of high and low water. Standard high-water of 1838 was 3·36 ft. above mean level and standard low-water of 1895, 2·82 ft. below that datum, giving an extreme recorded range slightly over 6 ft.
The northern portion of the lake only is covered with ice in winter, and ice never reaches as far south as Milwaukee. Milwaukee River remains closed on an average for one hundred days from the beginning of December to the middle of March. The average date of the opening and closing of navigation at the strait of Mackinac, where the ice remains longest, is the 17th of April and the 9th of January respectively.[1] Regular lines of steamers specially equipped to meet winter conditions, most of them being car ferries, cross the lake and the strait of Mackinac all winter between the various ports.
No notable rivers flow into Lake Michigan, the largest being the Big Manistee and Muskegon on the east shore, and on the west shore the Menominee and the Fox, both of which empty into Green Bay, the most important arm of the lake. The numerous harbours are chiefly artificial, usually located at the mouths of streams, the improvements consisting of two parallel piers extending into the lake and protecting a dredged channel. Sand bars keep filling up the mouths of these channels, necessitating frequent dredging and extension of the breakwaters, work undertaken by the Federal government, which also maintains a most comprehensive and complete system of aids to navigation, including lighthouses and lightships, fog alarms, gas and other buoys, life-saving, storm signal and weather report stations.
- ↑ Report of Deep Waterways Commission (1896).
