pp. 502-511, pl. 12. C. L. Herrick, “Brain of Certain Reptiles,” Journ.
comp. Neurol. (1891), i. pp. 1-36, iii. (1893), pp. 77-106, 119-140,
with many plates. O. D. Humphry, “Brain of Chelydra,” Journ.
comp. Neurol. (1894), pp. 73-116. H. v. Jhering, Das peripherische
Nervensystem (4to, Leipzig, 1873), pls. St G. Mivart and R. Clarke,
“Sacral Plexus of Lizards, &c.,” Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. i. (1877),
pp. 513-532, pls. 66, 67. H. F. Osborn, “Origin of the Corpora
callosa,” Morph. Jahrb. xii. pp. 530-543. H. Rabl-Rückhard,
“Centralnervensystem d. Alligator,” Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. (1878),
xxx. pp. 336-373, pls. 19 and 20. “Python,” ibid. (1894), lviii. pp.
694-717, pl. 41. G. Ruge, “Peripher. Gebiet. d. N. facialis” (masticator
muscles, &c.), Festschr. f. Gegenbaur (1896), iii. L. Stieda,
“Centralnervensystem d. Emys,” Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. (1875), xxv. pp.
361-408.
Sense Organs.—R. Hoffmann, “Thraenenwege d. Vögel u. Reptil.,” Zeitschr. f. Naturw. (Nat. Verein Sachsen u. Thüring., 1882). C. Röse, “Nasendrüse u. Gaumendrüsen d. Crocodils,” Anat. Anz. (1893), viii. pp. 745-751. C. Ph. Sluitez, “Jacobson’s Organ v. Crocodilus,” Anat. Anz. (1892), vii. pp. 540-545. O. Seydel, “Nasenhöhle u. Jacobson’s Organ d. Schildkröten,” Festschr. f. Gegenbaur (1896), ii. B. Solger, “Nasenwand u. Nasenmuschelw. d. Reptil.,” Morph. Jahrb. (1876), i. pp. 467-494, pl. E. Béraneck, “Parietalauge d. Rept.,” Jen. Zeitschr. (1887), xxi. pp. 374-410, pls.; ibid., Anat. Anz. (1893), No. 20. P. Francotte, “L’Œil pariétal, &c. chez les Lacertiliens,” Mem. couronné Ac. Belgique (1898), 55, No. 3. H. W. de Graaf, Structure and Development of the Epiphysis in Amph. and Rept. (Leiden, 1886; written in Dutch). W. B. Spencer, “Presence and Structure of the Pineal Eye in Lacertilia,” Q.J.M.S. (1886), 27, pp. 165-237, 7 pls. H. Strahl u. E. Martin, “Entwickl. d. Parietalauges b. Anguis u. Lacerta,” Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys. (1888), pp. 146-165, pl. 10. A. Dendy, “Development of Parietal Eye of Sphenodon,” Q.J.M.S. (1899), 42, pp. 1-87 and pp. 111-153, 13 plates. H. Müller, Schriften z. Anat. u. Physiol. d. Auges, edit. O. Becker (Leipzig, 1872). E. F icalbi, “Palpebralapparat d. Schlangen u. Geckonen,” Att. Soc. Tosc. Pisa, ix. C. K. Hoffmann, “Anatomie d. Retina d. Amph. Rept. u. Vögel. Niederl.,” Arch. Zool. (1875), iii. M. Borysiekiewicz, Retina v. Chamaeleo vulgaris (Leipzig, 1889), 7 pls. M. Weber, “Nebenorgane d. Auges d. Reptil.,” Arch. f. Naturg. (1897), 43. E. Clason, “Gehörorgan d. Eidechsen,” Anatom. Studien (Leipzig, 1873). C. Hasse, “Gehörorgan d. Krokodile,” &c., ibid; “Gehörorgan d. Schildkroeten, von Tropidonotus natrix,” ibid. G. Retzius, Gehörorgan d. Wirbelthiere, i. (Stockholm, 1881).
Muscles.—O. C. Bradley, “Muscles of Mastication of Lacertilia,” Zool. Jahrb. Anat. (1902), 18, pp. 475-488. M, Fürbringer, “Vergleich. Anatomie d. Schultermuskeln,” Jena Zeitschr. (1873), vii. pp. 237-320; (1874), vii. pp. 175-280; (1900), xxx. pp. 215-718; Morph. Jahrb. (1875), i. pp. 636-816; Knochen u. Muskeln d. schlangenähnlichen Saurier (Leipzig, 1870). H. Gadow, “Bauchmuskeln d. Crocod. Eidechs. Schildkroeten,” Morph. Jahrb. (1882), vii. pp. 57-100, pl.; “Myologie d. hinteren Extremitaet d. Reptilien,” ibid. (1882), vii. pp. 327-466, pls. G. M. Humphrey, “Muscles of Pseudopus,” Journ. An. Phys. (1872), vii. G. Killian, “Ohrmuskeln d. Crocodile,” Jen. Zeitschr. (1890), xxiv. 632-656, pl. F. Maurer, “ Ventrale Rumpfmuskulatur d. Reptil.,” Festschr. f. Gegenbaur (1896), i. St G. Mivart, “Muscles of Iguana,” P.Z.S. (1867), p. 766; “of Chamaeleon,” ibid. (1870), p. 850. N. Rosén, “Kaumuskeln d. Schlangen u. Giftdruese,” Zool. Anz. (1906), 28, pp. 1-7. A. Sanders, “Muscles of Platydactylus,” P.Z.S. (1870), p. 413; “of Liolepis,” ibid. (1872), p. 154; “of Phryrosoma,” ibid. (1874), p. 71; F. Walther, “Visceralskelett u. Muskulatur b. Amph. u. Rept.,” Jen. Zeitschr. (1887), xxi. pp; 1-45, pls.
Respiratory System.—F. E. Beddard, “Trachea and Lungs of Ophiophagus bungarus,” P.Z.S. (1903), pp. 319-328. G. Butler, “Suppression of one Lung in various Reptiles,” ibid. (1895), p. 691. S. H. Gage, “Pharyngeal Respiration in the Soft-shelled Turtle,” Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci. (1884), pp. 316-318; and Amer. Nat. (1886), xx. pp. 233-236. J. Henle, Vergl. anat. Beschreibung d. Kehlkopfes (1839). F. Siebenrock, “Kehlkopf u. Luftroehre d. Schildkroeten,” Sitzb. Ak. Wien (1899), 108, pp. 563-595, pls. G. Tornier, “Kopflappen u. Halsluftsaecke bei Chamaeleonen,” Zool. Jahrb. Anat. (1904), 21, pp. 1-40, pls. D. Bertelli, “Pieghe dei reni primitive nei Rettili. Contributo allo sviluppo del diaframma,” Atti Soc. Toscan (Pisa, 1896), 15, (1898), 16. I. Bromann, Entwicklung d. Bursa omentalis und aehnlicher Recessbildungen (Wiesbaden, 1904). G. Butler, “Subdivision of Body-cavity in Lizards, Crocodiles and Birds,” P.Z.S. (1892), pp. 452-474, 4 pls.; “Subdivision of Body-cavity in Snakes,” ibid. (1892), pp. 477-497, pl. 6; “The Fat Bodies of the Sauropsida,” ibid. (1889), p. 602, pls. 59-60. F. Hochstetter, Scheidewandbildungen in d. Leibeshöhle der Krokodile, Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika, vol. iv. pp. 141-206, pls. 11-15 (Stuttgart, 1906).
Vascular System.—F. E. Beddard, various papers on vascular system of Ophidia and Lacertilia, P.Z.S. (1904); “Notes on Anatomy of Boidae,” ibid. (1903), pp. 107-121. F. E. Beddard and P. C. Mitchell, “Structure of Heart of Alligator,” ibid. (1895). A. Greil, “Herz u. Truncus arteriosus d. Wirbelthiere Reptilien,” Morph. Jahrb. (1903), 31, pp. 123-310, pls. O. Grosser and E. Brezina, “Entwickl. Venen d. Kopfes u. Halses bei Reptil.,” Morph. Jahrb. (1895), pp. 289-325, pls. 20 and 21. F. Hochstetter, several important papers on vascular system of reptiles, Morph. Jahrb. (1891, 1892, 1898, 1901); ibid., “Blutgefäss-System,” O. Hertwig’s Entwickl. d. Wirbelthiere (Jena, 1902); “Blutgefaess-System d. Krokodile,” Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika (Stuttgart, 1906, iv.). A. Langer, “Entwickl. Bulbus cordis bei Amph. u. Rept.,” Morph. Jahrb. (1894), pp. 40-67. J. Y. Mackay, “Arterial System of Vertebrates, homologically considered,” Memoirs and Memoranda in Anatomy (London and Edinburgh, 1889), I. B. Panizza, Sopra il sistema linfatico dei rettili (Pavia, 1833). C. Roese, “Vergl. Anat. d. Herzens d. Wirbelthiere,” Morph. Jahrb. (1890), 16, pp. 27-96, pls. A. Sabatier, Études sur le cœur et la circulation centrale (Paris, 1873); “Transformat. du système aortique,” Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. (1874), 5, J. 19. H. Watney, “Minute Anatomy of Thymus,” Phil. Trans. (1882), 173, pp. 1063-1123, pls. 83-95.
Urino-genital System.—J. E. V. Boas, “Morphol. d. Begattungsorgane d. Wirbelth.,” Morph. Jahrb. (1891), xvii. pp. 171-287, pl. 16. J. Budge, “Das Harnreservoir d. Wirbelthiere,” Neu Vorpommern, Mittheil. 7 (1875), pp. 20-128, pl. W. R. Coe and B. W. Kunkel, “Reproduct. Org. of Aniella,” Amer. Natural. (1904), 38, pp. 487-490. H. Gadow, “Cloaca and Copulatory Organs of the Amniota,” Phil. Trans. B. (1887), pp. 5-37, pls. 2-5. K. Hellmuth, “Kloake u. Phallus d. Schildkroeten u. Krokodile,” Morph. Jahrb. (1902), 30, pp. 582-613. F. v. Moeller, “Urogenitalsystem d. Schildkroeten,” Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., 65, pp. 573-598, pls. F. W. Pickel, “Accessory Bladders of Testudinata,” Zool. Bull. (1899), ii. pp. 291-301. F. Schoof, Zur Kenntniss d. Urogenitalsystems d. Saurier. Arch. f. Naturg. (1888), 54, p. 62. P. Unterhoessel, “Kloake u. Phallus d. Eidechsen u. Schlangen,” Morph. Jahrb. (1902), 30, pp. 541-581. O. Schmidtgen, “Cloake und ihre Organe bei Schildkröter,” Zool. Jahrb. (1907), pp. 357-412, pl. 32, 33. (H. F. G.)
IV. Distribution in Space
This zoo-geographical review deals only with modern reptiles. We begin with a survey of the faunas of some of the most obvious land-complexes which bear close resemblance to the now classical “regions” of P. L. Sclater and A. R. Wallace. None of these “regions” has definable frontiers, and what acts as a bar to one family may be totally ignored by another. According to the several orders of reptiles the world is mapped out in very different ways. The African fauna does not stop at the Suez Canal, nor even at the Red Sea; there is a transitional belt noticeable in the countries from Syria to Arabia, Persia and India. To the north, Indian influence extends right into Turkestan, or vice versa; the Central Asiatic fauna passes into that of India. On the Chinese side prevailing conditions are still almost unknown; Wallace’s line is more or less rigidly respected by Trionychidae, hooded Elaps, vipers and Lacertidae, while it has not the slightest influence upon crocodiles, pit vipers, 'Varanidae, Agamidae, &c. In the western hemisphere we have a grand illustration of the interchange of two faunas and of the fact that it is neither a narrow strait nor an equally narrow isthmus which decides the limitation of two regions. Central America and the Antilles form one complex with S. America. The nearctic region ends, at the edge of the great Mexican plateau, which itself is a continuation of the north continent. Many nearctic forms have passed southwards into the tropics, even into far-off S. America, but the majority of the southerners, in their northern extension, have been checked by this plateau and have surged to the right and left along the Pacific and Atlantic tropical coast lands. The present writer happens to have made a special study of this part of the World (cf. “The Distribution of Mexican Amphibians and Reptiles,” P.Z.S., 1905, pp. 191-294); the N. and S. American faunas have therefore been more fully treated in the following review of the various faunas. No doubt others can be treated in a similar manner, but the physical features between N. and S. America are unique, and the results are closely paralleled by those of the fauna of birds. The narrow and long neck of the isthmus of Panama (once no doubt much broader) is no boundary; if the meeting of N. and S. had taken place there, that narrow causeway would be crowded, and this is not the case.
New Zealand.—The only recent reptiles are Sphenodon (q.v.), which testifies to the great age of these islands; about half a dozen Scincidae of the genus Lygosoma, members of a cosmopolitan family; and some few geckos, e.g. Naultinus, of a family of great
