direct combination of the two elements in the electric furnace.
It forms very hard metallic-looking crystals, burns in oxygen and
is not attacked by acids. Potassium ruthenate, K2RuO4·H2O,
obtained by fusion of the metal with caustic potash and nitre,
crystallizes in prisms which become covered wit a black deposit
on exposure to moist air. It is soluble in water, giving an orange-red
solution which becomes green on standing, and gradually
deposits the hydrated pentoxitie, Ru2O5·H2O (H. Debray and A.
Joly, Comptes rendus, 1888, 106, p. 1494). The per-ruthenate,
KRuO4, formed by the action of chlorine on the rut enate, or of
alkalis on the peroxide at 50° C., is a black crystalline solid which
is stable in dry air but decomposes when heated strongly., On
the nitroso, nitroso-ammonium and nitroso-diammonium compounds
see C. E. Claus, Ann., 1856, 98, p. 317; A. Joly, Comptes
rendus, 1888, 107, p. 994; 1889, 108, pp. 854, 1300; 1890, 111,
p. 969; L. Brizard, ibid., 1896, 122, p. 730; 1896, 123, p. 182. The
atomic weight of ruthenium was determined by A. Joly (Comptes
rends,1889, 188, p. 946), who obtained the values 101.5 and 101.3.
RUTHERFORD, MARK, the pen-name of William Hale White, English author, who was born at Bedford about 1830.
His father, William White, a member of the nonconformist
community of the Bunyan Meeting, removed to London, where
he was well known as a doorkeeper of the House of Commons;
he wrote sketches of parliamentary life for the Illustrated
Times, papers afterwards collected by his son as The Inner
Life of the House of Commons (1897). The son was educated
for the Congregational ministry, but the development of his
views prevented his taking up that career, and he became a clerk
in the admiralty. He had already served an apprenticeship
to journalism before he made his name as a novelist by the three books “edited by Reuben Shapcott,” The Autobiography of Mark Rutherford (1881), Mark Rutherford's Deliverance (1885),
and The Revolution in Tanner's Lane (1887). Under his own name he translated Spinoza's Ethic (1883). Later books are
Miriam's Schooling, and other Papers (1890), Catherine Furze
(2 vols., 1893), Clara Hopgood (1896), Pages from a Journal,
with other Papers (1900), and John Bunyan (1905). Though
for a long time little appreciated by the public, his novels—particularly
the earlier ones—have a power and style which
must always give his works a place of their own in the literary
history of their time.
RUTHERFORD, WILLIAM GUNION (1853–1907), English
scholar, was born in Peeblesshire on the 17th of July 1853. He was educated at St Andrews and Oxford, where he graduated in natural science, with a view to following the medical profession, which he abandoned in favour of a scholastic career.
From 1883 to 1901 he was headmaster of Westminster school;
and his death, on the 19th of July 1907, deprived classical
scholarship in England of one of its most brilliant modern
representatives. Rutherford devoted special attention to
Attic idioms and the language of Aristophanes. His most
important work, the New Phrynichus (1882), dealing with the
Atticisms of the grammarian, was supplemented by his Babrius
(1883), a specimen of the later Greek, which was the chief subject
of C. A. Lobeck's earlier commentary (1820) on Phrynichus.
His edition (1896–1905), of the Aristophanic scholia from the
Ravenna MS. was less successful. Mention may also be made
of his Elementary Greek Accidence and Lex Rex, a list of cognate
words in Greek, Latin and English.
RUTHERFURD (or Rutherford), SAMUEL (c. 1600–1661), Scottish divine, was born about 1600 at the village of Nisbet, Roxburghshire. He went to college at Edinburgh in 1617, graduating M.A. in 1621, and two years afterwards was elected professor of humanity. On account of an alleged indiscretion before his marriage in 1626 he was dismissed his professorship in that year, but, after studying theology, he was in 1627
appointed minister of Anwoth, Kirkcudbrightshire, and soon
took a leading place among the clergy of Galloway. In 1636
his first book, entitled Exercitationes Apologeticae pro Divina
Gratia—an elaborate treatise against Arminianism—appeared
at Amsterdam. Its severe Calvinism led to a prosecution by the bishop, Thomas Sydserf, in the High Commission, Court, first at Wigtown and afterwards at Edinburgh, with the result that Rutherfurd was deposed from his pastoral office, and sentenced to confinement in Aberdeen during the king's pleasure. His banishment lasted from September 1636 to February 1638, and the greater number of his published Letters belong to this period of his life. He was present at the signing of the Covenant in Edinburgh in 1638, and at the Glasgow Assembly of the same year he was restored to his parish. In 1639 he was appointed professor of divinity in St Mary's College, St Andrews. He only accepted the position on the condition that he should be allowed to act as colleague to Robert Blair in the church of St Andrews. He was sent up to London in 1643 as one of
the eight commissioners from Scotland to the Westminster Assembly. Remaining at his post over three years, he did great
service to the cause of his party. In 1642 he had published his
Peaceable and Temperate Plea for Paul's Presbyterie in Scotland,
and the sequel to. it in 1644 on The Due Right of Presbyteries
provoked Milton's contemptuous reference to “mere A. S.
and Rutherfurd” in his sonnet On the New Forcers of Conscience
under the Long Parliament. In 1644 also appeared Rutherford's
Lex Rex, a Dispute for the Just Prerogative of King and People,
which gives him a recognized place among the early writers on
constitutional law; it was followed by The Divine Right of
Church Government and Excommunication (1646), and Free
Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (1648),
characterized by Bishop Heber, as “perhaps the most elaborate
defence of persecution which has ever appeared in a Christian
country.” Among his other works are the Tryal and Triumph
of Faith (1645), Christ Dying and Drawing Sinners to Himself
(1647), and Survey of the Spiritual Antichrist (1648). In 1647
he returned to St Andrews to become principal of the New
College there, and in 1648 and 1651 he declined successive
invitations to theological chairs at Harderwijk and Utrecht.
After the Restoration in 1660, his Lex Rex was ordered to be
burned. He was deprived of all his offices, and on a charge of
high treason was cited to appear before the ensuing parliament.
His health utterly broke down, and he drew up, on the 26th of
February 1661, a Testimony, which was posthumously published.
He died on the 23rd of the following March.
The fame of Rutherfurd now rests principally upon his remarkable Letters, which, to the number of 215, were first published anonymously by M'Ward, an amanuensis, as Joshua Redivivus, or Mr Rutherfoord's Letters, in 1664. They have been frequently reprinted, the best edition (365 letters) being that by Rev. A. A. Bonar (1848), with a sketch of his life. In addition to the other works already mentioned, Rutherfurd published in 1651 a treatise, De Divina Providentia, against Molinism, Socinianism and Arminianism, of which Richard Baxter, not without justice, remarked that “as the Letters were the best piece so this was the worst he had ever read."
See also a short Life by Rev. Dr Andrew Thomson (1834); Dr A. B. Grosart in Representative Nonconformists; Dr Alexander Whyte, Samuel Rutherford and some of his Correspondents (1894); Rev. R. Gilmour, Samuel Rutherford (1904).
RUTHERGLEN (locally pronounced Rŭglen), a royal municipal and police burgh of Lanarkshire, Scotland. Pop. of royal burgh (1901) 18,279. It is situated on the left bank of the Clyde, 212 m. by the Caledonian railway S.E. of Glasgow, with the E. of which it is connected by a bridge. The parish church stands near the spire of the ancient church where, according
to tradition, the treaty was made in 1297 with Edward I.,
by which Sir John Menteith undertook to betray Wallace to the
English. The principal public building is the town hall, dating
from 1861. The industries include collieries, chemical works,
dye-works, cotton- and paper-mills, chair-making, tube-making,
pottery, rope- and twine-works and some shipbuilding. It
forms one of the Kilmarnock group of parliamentary burghs,
with Dumbarton, Port-Glasgow, Renfrew and Kilmarnock.
Rutherglen was erected into a royal burgh by David I. in 1126. It then included a portion of Glasgow, but in 1226 the boundaries were rectified so as to exclude the whole of the city. In early times it had a castle, which was taken by Robert Bruce from the English in 1313. It was kept in good repair till after the battle of Langside (1568), when it was burnt by order of the regent Moray. In 1679 the Covenanters published their “Declaration and Testimony” at Rutherglen prior to the battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Brig (1679).
