of mountains, rising sheer from the water, their summits bathed in perpetual mist. Impenetrable forests alternate with fertile plains, and deep ravines and frowning precipices with beautiful bays and coves. Everywhere there is luxuriant vegetation.
Les Pitons (2720 and 2680 ft.) are the chief natural feature—two immense pyramids of rock rising abruptly from the sea, their slopes, inclined at an angle of 60°, being clad on three sides with densest verdure. No connexion has been traced between them and the mountain system of the island. In the S.W. also is the volcano of Soufrière (about 4000 ft.), whose crater is 3 acres in size and covered with sulphur and cinders. The climate is humid, the rainfall varying from 70 to 120 in. per annum, with an average temperature of 80° F. The soil is deep and rich; the main products are sugar, cocoa, logwood, coffee, nutmegs, mace, kola-nuts and vanilla, all of which are exported. Tobacco also is grown, but not for export. The usine or central factory system is established, there being four government sugar-mills. Snakes, formerly prevalent, have been almost exterminated by the introduction of the mongoose. Only about a third of the island is cultivated, the rest being crown land under virgin forest, abounding in timber suitable for the finest cabinet work. The main import trade up to 1904 was from Great Britain; since then, owing to the increased coal imports from the United States, the imports are chiefly from other countries. The majority of the exports go to the United States and to Canada. In the ten years 1898–1907 the imports averaged £522,000 a year; the exports £395,000 a year. Bunker coal forms a arge item both in imports an exports. Coal, sugar, cocoa and logwood form the chief exports.
Education is denominational, assisted by government grants. The large majority of the schools are under the control of the Roman Catholics, to whom all the government primary schools were handed over in 1898. There is a government agricultural school. St Lucia is controlled by an administrator (responsible to the governor of the Windward Islands), assisted by an executive council. The legislature consists of the administrator and a council of nominated members. Revenue and expenditure in the period 1901–1907 balanced at about £60,000 a year. The law of the island preserves, in a modified form, the laws of the French monarchy.
Castries, the capital, on the N.W. coast, has a magnificent landlocked harbour. There is a concrete wharf 650 ft. long with a depth alongside of 27 ft., and a wharf of wood 552 ft. in length. It is the principal coaling station of the British fleet in the West Indies, was strongly fortified, and has been the military headquarters. (The troops were removed and the military works stopped in 1905) It is a port of registry, and the facilities it offers as a port of ca l are widely recognized, the tonnage of ships cleared and entered rising from 1,555,000 in 1898 to 2,627,000 in 1907. Pop. (1901) 7910. Soufrière, in the south, the only other town of any importance, had a population of 2394. The Caribs have disappeared from the island, and the bulk of the inhabitants are negroes. Their language is a French patois, but English is gradually replacing it. There is a small colony of East Indian coolies, and the white inhabitants are mostly creoles of French descent. The total population of the island (1901) is 49,833.
History.—St Lucia is supposed to have been discovered by Columbus in 1502, and to have been named by the Spaniards after the saint on whose day it was discovered. It was inhabited by Caribs, who killed the majority of the first white people (Englishmen) who attempted to settle on the island (1605). For two centuries St Lucia was claimed both by France and by England. In 1627 the famous Carlisle grant included St Lucia among British possessions, while in 1635 the king of France granted it to two of his subjects. In 1638 some 130 English from St Kitts formed a settlement, but in 1641 were killed or driven away by the Caribs. The French in 1650 sent settlers from Martinique who concluded a treaty of peace with the Caribs in 1660. Thomas Warner, natural son of the governor of St Kitts, attacked and overpowered the French settlers in 1663, but the peace of Breda (1667) restored it to France and it became nominally a dependency of Martinique. The British still claimed the island as a dependency of Barbadoes, and in 1722 George I. made a grant of it to the duke of Montague. The year following French troops from Martinique compelled the British settlers to evacuate the island. In 1748 both France and Great Britain recognized the island as “ neutral.” In 1762 its inhabitants surrendered to Admiral Rodney and General Monckton. By the treaty of Paris (1763), however, the British acknowledged the claims of France, and steps were taken to develop the resources of the island. French planters came from St Vincent and Grenada, cotton and sugar plantations were formed, and in 1772 the island was said to have a population of 15,000, largely slaves. In 1778 it was captured by the British; its harbours were a rendezvous for the British squadrons and Gros Ilet Bay was Rodney's starting-point before his victory over the Comte de Grasse (April 1782). The peace of Versailles (178 3) restored St Lucia to France, but in 1794 it was surrendered to Admiral Jervis (Lord St Vincent). Victor Hugues, a partisan of Robespierre, aided by insurgent slaves, made a strenuous resistance and recovered the island in June 1795. Sir Ralph Abercromby and Sir John Moore, at the head of 12,000 troops, were sent in 1796 to reduce the island, but it was not until 1797 that the revolutionists laid down their arms. By the treaty of Amiens St Lucia was anew declared French. Bonaparte intended to make it the capital of the Antilles, but it once more capitulated to the British (June 1803) and was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1814. In 1834, when the slaves were emancipated, there were in St Lucia over 13,000 negro slaves, 2600 free men of colour and 2300 whites. The development of the island—half ruined by the revolutionary war—has been retarded by epidemics of cholera and smallpox, by the decline of the sugarcane industry and other causes, such as the low level of education. The depression in the sugar trade led to the adoption of cocoa cultivation. Efforts were also made to plant settlers on the crown lands—with a fair amount of success. The colony successfully surmounted the financial stringency caused by the withdrawal of the imperial troops in 1905.
Pigeon Island, formerly an important military port, lies off the N.W. end of St Lucia, by Gros Ilet Bay.
See Sir C. P. Lucas, Historical Geography in the British Colonies, vol. ii., " The West Indies " (2nd ed. revised by C. Atchley, Oxford, 1905), and the works there cited; also the annual reports on St Lucia issued by the Colonial Office.
ST MACAIRE, a town of south-western France, in the department
of Gironde, on the Garonne, 29 m. S.E. of Bordeaux by
rail. Pop. (1906), 2085. St Macaire is important for its medieval
remains, which include a triple line of ramparts with old gateways.
There are also several houses of the 13th and 14th
centuries. The imposing church of St Sauveur (11th to 15th
centuries) has a doorway with beautiful 13th-century carving
and interesting mural paintings. St Macaire (anc. Ligena) owes
its name to the saint whose relics were preserved in the monastery
of which the church of St Sauveur is the principal remnant.
ST MAIXENT, a town of western France, in the department
of Deux-Sevres, on the Sévre Niortaise, 15 m. N.E. of Niort by
rail. Pop. (1906), 4102. The town has a fine abbey church
built from the 12th to the 15th century, but in great part
destroyed by the Protestants in the 16th century and rebuilt
from 1670 to 1682 in the flamboyant Gothic style. The chief
parts anterior to this date are the nave, which is Romanesque,
and a lofty 15th-century tower over the west front. The crypt
contains the tomb of Saint Maxentius, second abbot of the
monastery, which was founded about 460. The town has a communal
college, a chamber of arts and manufactures, and an
infantry school for non-commissioned officers preparing for the
rank of sub-lieutenant. It was the birthplace of Colonel Denfert-Rochereau,
defender of Belfort in 1870–1871, and has a statue
to him. The industries include dyeing and the manufacture of
hosiery, mustard and plaster. The prosperity of the town was
at its height after the promulgation of the 'edict of Nantes,
when it numbered 12,000 inhabitants.
ST MALO, a seaport of western France, capital of an arrondissement
in the department of Îlle-et-Vilaine, 51 m.N.N.W. of Rennes
by rail. Pop. (1906) town, 8727; commune, 10,647. St Malo
is situated on the English Channel on the right bank of the
estuary of the Rance at its mouth. It is a garrison town surrounded
by ramparts which include portions dating from the
14th, 15th and 16th centuries, but as a whole were rebuilt at
the end of the 17th century according to Vauban's plans, and
restored in the 19th century. The most important of the gates
are that of St Vincent and the Grande Porte, defended by two
massive 15th-century towers: The granite island on which
St Malo stands communicates with the mainland on the north-east
by a causeway known as the “ Sillon ” (furrow), 650 ft.
long, and at one time only 46 ft. broad, though now three times
that breadth. In the sea round about lie other granite rocks
