to 22,627 (males 14,448), of whom 10,373 were of Russian nationality, 4051 of Italian, and 3232 of German.
Table IV. shows the nationalities of the people in 1891 and 1901.
Table IV.—Illustrating Nationalities in 1891 and 1901.
| Where Born. | Scotland, 1891. | Scotland, 1901. | ||
| Number. | Percentage of Pop. |
Number. | Percentage of Pop. | |
| Scotland | 3,698,700 | 91.63 | 4,085,755 | 91.361 |
| Ireland | 184,807 | 4.84 | 205,064 | 4.585 |
| England | 108,736 | 2.70 | 131,350 | 2.937 |
| Wales | 2,309 | 0.06 | 2,673 | 0.060 |
| Isle of Man and the Channel Islands | 927 | 0.02 | 1,058 | 0.024 |
| British Colonies | 13,607 | 0.39 | 15,907 | 0.355 |
| British born abroad[1] | 8,051 | 0.20 | 12,642 | 0.283 |
| Foreigners | 8,510 | 0.21 | 17,654 | 0.395 |
| Total | 4,025,647 | 100.00 | 4,472,103 | 100.000 |
Table V. gives the number of persons, exclusive of children under three years of age, who spoke Gaelic only, and Gaelic and English, with their percentages to the population in 1901. The counties in which the highest percentages obtained of persons speaking Gaelic only were Ross and Cromarty with 15.92% (12,171 persons) and Inverness with 13.01% (11,722 persons). But in no fewer than eighteen counties the proportion of Gaelic-speaking persons was under 1%.
Table V.-Showing Number of Persons aged three years and upwards speaking Gaelic only and Gaelic and English in 1901.
| Area. | Population. | Gaelic only. | Percentage. | Gaelic and English |
Percentage. |
| Scotland | 4,472,103 | 28,106 | 0.63 | 202,700 | 4.53 |
| Northern portion | 1,753,470 | 27,854 | 1.59 | 160,915 | 9.18 |
| Southern portion | 2,718,633 | 252 | 0.01 | 41,785 | 1.54 |
| Northern division | 112,175 | 489 | 0.43 | 17,084 | 15.23 |
| North-western division | 166,554 | 23,893 | 14.34 | 82,573 | 49.58 |
| North-eastern division | 460,941 | 20 | 0.01 | 5,125 | 1.11 |
| East-midland division | 665,215 | 95 | 0.01 | 13,818 | 2.06 |
| West-midland division | 348,585 | 3,357 | 0.96 | 42,315 | 12.14 |
| South-western division | 1,862,775 | 162 | 0.01 | 34,289 | 1.84 |
| South-eastern division | 662,415 | 89 | 0.01 | 7,002 | 1.06 |
| Southern division | 193,443 | 1 | 0.00 | 494 | 0.26 |
Vital Statistics.—In Table VI. is shown the number of births, deaths, marriages and illegitimate births for the decades ending 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1900.
Table VI.—Births, Deaths, Marriages and Illegitimate Births, 1861-1900.
| 1861-1870 (inclusive). |
1871-1880 (inclusive). |
1881-1890 (inclusive). |
1891-1900 (inclusive). | |
| Births | 1,120,791 | 1,232,311 | 1,251,930 | 1,280,044 |
| Deaths | 706,195 | 763,948 | 743,582 | 781,860 |
| Marriages | 224,222 | 253,550 | 259,388 | 298,664 |
| Illegitimate births | 110,061 | 108,260 | 102,128 | 90,981 |
Table VII. gives the percentages to the population of the births, deaths and marriages in the four decades specified, along with the ratio of illegitimacy to the total number of births in the same periods. The counties in which the highest percentages of illegitimate births were found were Wigtown, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Peebles in the south; Elgin, Banff and Aberdeen in the north-east, and Caithness in the north; the shires showing the lowest percentages were Clackmannan, Dumbarton and Shetland.
Table VII.—Birth, Death and Marriage Ratio, 1861-1900, and Percentages of Illegitimacy to total Births.
| Rate. | 1861-1870 (inclusive). |
1871-1880 (inclusive). |
1881-1890 (inclusive). |
1891-1900 (inclusive). |
| Birth | 3.48 | 3.47 | 3.22 | 3.01 |
| Death | 0.19 | 2.15 | 1.91 | 1.84 |
| Marriage | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.70 |
| Percentages of illegitimate births to total births |
9.81 | 8.79 | 8.15 | 7.11 |
Occupations of the People.—Table VIII. divides the people according to occupations. The most noteworthy feature in this connexion is the great diminution that took place within the intercensal period (1891-1901) in the unproductive class, which to some extent accounts for the increase in the number of the industrial and commercial classes.
Table VIII.—Occupation of the People in 1891 and 1901.
| Occupations. | Number engaged in each Class of Occupation. | Percentage engaged in each Class of Occupation. | ||||||||
| 1891. | 1901. | 1891. | 1901. | |||||||
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
| Total occupied and unoccupied [2] | 1,446,209 | 1,599,453 | 3,045,662 | 1,656,081 | 1,790,242 | 3,446,323 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Engaged in occupations | 1,203,909 | 543,828 | 1,747,737 | 1,391,188 | 591,624 | 1,982,812 | 83.25 | 34.00 | 84.00 | 33.05 |
| Retired or unoccupied | 242,300 | 1,055,625 | 1,297,925 | 264,893 | 1,198,618 | 1,463,511 | 16.75 | 66.00 | 16.00 | 66.95 |
| Classes. | ||||||||||
| 1. Professional | 59,053 | 23,051 | 82,104 | 67,827 | 33,234 | 101,061 | 4.08 | 1.44 | 4.10 | 1.86 |
| 2. Domestic | 29,163 | 190,057 | 219,220 | 26,755 | 174,475 | 201,230 | 2.02 | 11.88 | 1.61 | 9.75 |
| 3. Commercial | 174,558 | 10,276 | 184,834 | 221,579 | 24,136 | 245,715 | 12.07 | 0.64 | 13.38 | 1.35 |
| 4. Agriculture and Fishing | 205,827 | 30,018 | 235,845 | 196,581 | 40,730 | 237,311 | 14.23 | 1.88 | 11.87 | 2.27 |
| 5. Industrial | 735,308 | 290,426 | 1,025,734 | 878,446 | 319,049 | 1,197,495 | 50.85 | 18.16 | 53.04 | 17.82 |
| 6. Unoccupied and non-productive | 242,300 | 1,055,625 | 1,297,925 | 264,893 | 1,198,618 | 1,463,511 | 16.75 | 66.00 | 16.00 | 66.95 |
Poor Relief.—Before the Reformation, relief of the poor had been the duty of the Church, for early legislation aimed at suppressing rather than aiding poverty. Those, indeed, who were absolutely dependent on alms might receive a licence to beg within the bounds of their own parish, but the able-bodied poor were severely dealt with. The act of 1579 directed the magistrates in towns and the justices in rural parishes to propose a register of the aged and impotent poor and to levy a tax on the inhabitants of every parish for their support. One consequence of the denial of relief to the able-bodied was that the workhouse, so familiar in the English poor-law system, was not established in Scotland, though almshouses are found in many
