2.97 sq. m. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & Alton, the Chicago, Indiana & Southern and the Wabash railways. Streator has a public library and a Chautauqua auditorium. It is in the Vermilion coal region, and clay for brick and tile is abundant in its vicinity. The city’s manufactures include glass, brick, tile, foundry and machine-shop products, &c. In 1905 the factory product was valued at $1,888,894, being 51.4% greater than in 1900. Streator was laid out in 1868, was incorporated as a village in 1870 and was chartered as a city in 1882.
STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824–1881), English architect,
was born at Woodford in Essex on the 20th of June 1824. He
was the third son of Thomas Street, solicitor, by his second
wife, Mary Anne Millington. George went to school at Mitcham
in about 1830, and later to the Camberwell collegiate school,
which he left in 1839. For a few months he was in his father’s
business in Philpot Lane, but on his father’s death he went to
live with his mother and sister at Exeter. There his thoughts
first turned to architecture, and in 1841 his mother obtained a
place for him as pupil in the office of Mr Owen Carter at Winchester.
Afterwards he worked for five years as an “improver”
with Sir George Gilbert Scott in London. At an early age
Street became deeply interested in the principles of Gothic
architecture, and devoted an unsparing amount of time and
labour to studying and sketching the finest examples of medieval
buildings in England and on the Continent. His first commission
was for the designing of Biscoray Church, Cornwall.
In 1849 he took an office of his own. He was a draughtsman of
a very high order; his sketches are masterpieces of spirit and
brilliant touch. In 1855 he published a very careful and well-illustrated
work on The Brick and Marble Architecture of Northern
Italy, and in 1865 a book on The Gothic Architecture of Spain,
with very beautiful drawings by his own hand. Street’s personal
taste led him in most cases to select for his design the 13th-century
Gothic of England or France, his knowledge of which
was very great, especially in the skilful use of rich mouldings.
By far the majority of the buildings erected by him were for
ecclesiastical uses, the chief being the convent of East Grinstead,
the theological college at Cuddesden and a very large number of
churches, such as St Philip and St James’s at Oxford, St John’s
at Torquay, All Saints’ at Clifton, St Saviour’s at Eastbourne,
St Margaret’s at Liverpool and St Mary Magdalene, Paddington.
His largest works were the nave of Bristol Cathedral, the choir
of the cathedral of Christ Church in Dublin, and, above all, the
new courts of justice in London. The competition for this was
prolonged and much diversity of opinion was expressed. Thus,
the judges wanted Street to make the exterior arrangements
and Barry the interior, while a special committee of lawyers
recommended the designs of Alfred Waterhouse. In June
1868, however, Street was appointed sole architect; but the
building was not complete at the time of his death in December
1881. Street was elected an associate of the Royal Academy
in 1866, and R.A. in 1871; at the time of his death he was
professor of architecture to the Royal Academy, where he had
delivered a very interesting course of lectures on the development
of medieval architecture. He was also president of the
Royal Institute of British Architects. He was a member of the
Royal Academy of Vienna, and in 1878, in reward for drawings
sent to the Paris Exhibition, he was made a knight of the Legion
of Honour. Street was twice married, first on the 17th of June
1852 to Mariquita, second daughter of Robert Proctor, who
died in 1874, and secondly on the 11th of January 1876 to Jessie,
second daughter of William Holland, who died in the same year.
The architect’s own death, on the 18th of December 1881, was
hastened by overwork and professional worries connected with
the erection of the law courts. He was buried on the 29th of
December in the nave of Westminster Abbey.
STRELITZ (Strjeltsi), a body of Russian household troops
originally raised by the tsar Ivan the Terrible in the middle
of the 16th century. They numbered 40,000 to 50,000 infantry,
and formed the greater part of the Russian armies in the wars
of the 16th and 17th centuries. They were a fierce and ill-disciplined
force, individually brave and cruel in war, and
almost ungovernable in peace. Their mutinies were frequent
and dangerous, and at last, in 1682, an unusually serious outbreak led Peter the Great to compass the abolition of the
force. The Strelitz were gradually drawn to the western frontier
of Russia, and in 1698 they rose in mutiny for the last time.
Crushed in battle by Peter’s general, Patrick Gordon, they
ceased to exist as a military force, and about 2000 of them who
fell into the hands of the tsar were barbarously tortured and
put to death.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, that part of the theory of
engineering which deals with the nature and effects of stresses
in the parts of engineering structures. Its principal object
is to determine the proper size and form of pieces which have to
bear given loads, or, conversely, to determine the loads which
can be safely applied to pieces whose dimensions and arrangement
are already given. It also treats of the relation between
the applied loads and the changes of form which they cause.
The subject comprises experimental investigation of the properties of materials as to strength and elasticity, and mathematical discussion of the stresses in ties, struts, beams, shafts and other elements of structures and machines.
Stress is the mutual action between two bodies, or between two parts of a body, whereby each of the two exerts a force upon the other. Thus, when a stone lies on the ground there is at the surface of contact a stress, one aspect of which is the force directed downwards with which the stone pushes the ground, and the other aspect is the equal force directed upwards with which the ground pushes the stone. A body is said to be in a state of stress when there is a stress between the two parts which lie on opposite sides of an imaginary surface of section. A pillar or block supporting a weight is in a state of stress because at any cross section the part above the section pushes down against the part below, and the part below pushes up against the part above. A stretched rope is in a state of stress, because at any cross section the part on each side is pulling the part on the other side with a force in the direction of the rope's length. A plate of metal that is being cut in a shearing machine is in a state of stress, because at the place where it is about to give way the portion of metal on either side of the plane of shear is tending to drag the portion on the other side with a force in that plane.
Normal and Tangential Stress.—In a solid body which is in a state of stress the direction of stress at an imaginary surface of division may be normal, oblique or tangential to the surface. When oblique it is conveniently treated as consisting of a normal and a tangential component. Normal stress may be either push (compressive stress) or pull (tensile stress). Stress which is tangential to the surface is called shearing stress. Oblique stress may be regarded as so much push or pull along with so much shearing stress. The amount of stress per unit of surface is called the intensity of stress. Stress is said to be uniformly distributed over a surface when each fraction of the area of surface bears a corresponding fraction of the whole stress. If a stress P is uniformly distributed over a plane surface of area S, the intensity is P/S. If the stress is not uniformly distributed, the intensity at any point is δP/δS, where δP is the amount of stress on an indefinitely small area δS at the point considered. For practical purposes intensity of stress is usually expressed in tons weight per square inch, pounds weight per square inch, or kilogrammes weight per square millimetre or per square centimetre.
Simple Longitudinal Stress.—The simplest possible state of stress is that of a short pillar or block compressed by opposite forces applied at its ends, or that of a stretched rope or other tie. In these cases the stress is wholly in one direction, that of the length. These states may be distinguished as simple longitudinal push and simple longitudinal pull. In them there is no stress on planes parallel to the direction of the applied forces.
Compound Stress.—A more complex state of stress occurs if the block is compressed or extended by forces applied to a pair of opposite sides, as well as by forces applied to its ends—that is to say, if two simple longitudinal stresses in different directions act together. A still more complex state occurs if a third stress be applied to the remaining pair of sides. It may be shown (see Elasticity) that any state of stress which can possibly exist at any point of a body may be produced by the joint action of three simple pull or push stresses in three suitably chosen directions at right angles to each
