to the Union. The inauguration of General Wade Hampton (1818-1902) as governor, and the final withdrawal of United States troops in 1877, marked the downfall of negro rule.
The political history of the state since 1877 presents some interesting features. Practically the entire white population is Democratic, partly for historical reasons and partly because of a feeling that union is necessary to maintain white supremacy. The old warfare between the Up Country and the Low Country has been renewed in a modified form in the conflict between Reformers and Conservatives. The triumph of the Reformers culminated in the founding of Clemson Agricultural College (1889), the establishment of the state dispensary system for the sale of intoxicating liquors (1893), the election of Benjamin R. Tillman (b. 1847) to the United States Senate (1894) over M. C. Butler (1836-1909), and the work of the constitutional convention of 1895.
| Governors of South Carolina | ||||
| Proprietary Period (1670-1719) | ||||
| William Sayle | 1670-1671 | |||
| Joseph West | (chosen by the council) | 1671-1672 | ||
| Sir John Yeamans | 1672-1674 | |||
| Joseph West | 1674-1682 | |||
| Joseph Morton | 1682-1684 | |||
| Richard Kyrle | 1684 | |||
| Robert Quarry | (chosen by the council) | 1684-1685 | ||
| Joseph West | 1685 | |||
| Joseph Morton | 1685-1686 | |||
| James Colleton | 1686-1690 | |||
| Seth Sothell | 1690-1692 | |||
| Philip Ludwell | 1692-1693 | |||
| Thomas Smith | 1693-1694 | |||
| Joseph Blake | (chosen by the council) | 1694 | ||
| John Archdale | 1694-1696 | |||
| Joseph Blake | 1696-1700 | |||
| James Moore | (chosen by the council) | 1700-1702 | ||
| Sir Nathaniel Johnson | 1702-1710 | |||
| Edward Tynte | 1710 | |||
| Robert Gibbes | (chosen by the council) | 1710-1711 | ||
| Charles Craven | 1711-1716 | |||
| Robert Daniel | (deputy-governor) | 1716-1717 | ||
| Robert Johnson | 1717-1719 | |||
| Royal Period (1719-1776) | ||||
| James Moore | (elected by the people) | 1719-1721 | ||
| Sir Francis Nicholson | 1721-1729 | |||
| Arthur Middleton | (president of the council and | |||
| acting-governor) | 1724-1729 | |||
| Robert Johnson | 1729-1735 | |||
| Thomas Broughton | (lieutenant-governor) | 1735-1737 | ||
| William Bull | (president of the council, | |||
| lieutenant-governor) | 1737-1743 | |||
| James Glen | 1743-1756 | |||
| William Henry Lyttleton | 1756-1760 | |||
| William Bull, the 2nd | (lieutenant-governor) | 1760-1761 | ||
| Thomas Boone | 1761-1764 | |||
| William Bull, the 2nd | (lieutenant-governor) | 1764-1766 | ||
| Lord Charles Greville Montague | 1766-1768 | |||
| William Bull, the 2nd | (lieutenant-governor) | 1768 | ||
| Lord Charles Greville Montague | 1768-1769 | |||
| William Bull, the 2nd | (lieutenant-governor) | 1769-1771 | ||
| Lord Charles Greville Montague | 1771-1773 | |||
| William Bull, the 2nd | (lieutenant-governor) | 1773-1775 | ||
| Lord William Campbell | 1775 | |||
|
1775-1776 | |||
| Statehood Period (1776-) | ||||
| John Rutledge | (president) | 1776-1778 | ||
| Rawlins Lowndes | (president) | 1778-1779 | ||
| John Rutledge | 1779-1782 | |||
| John Matthewes | 1782-1783 | |||
| Benjamin Guerard | 1783-1785 | |||
| William Moultrie | 1785-1787 | |||
| Thomas Pinckney | 1787-1789 | |||
| Charles Pinckney | Democrat-Republican | 1789-1792 | ||
| William Moultrie | ” | 1792-1794 | ||
| Arnoldus Vanderhorst | ” | 1794-1796 | ||
| Charles Pinckney | ” | 1796-1798 | ||
| Edward Rutledge | ” | 1798-1800 | ||
| John Drayton | ” | 1800-1802 | ||
| James B. Richardson | ” | 1802-1804 | ||
| Paul Hamilton | ” | 1804-1806 | ||
| Charles Pinckney | ” | 1806-1808 | ||
| John Drayton | ” | 1808-1810 | ||
| Henry Middleton | ” | 1810-1812 | ||
| Joseph Alston | ” | 1812-1814 | ||
| David R. Williams | ” | 1814-1816 | ||
| Andrew Pickens | ” | 1816-1818 | ||
| John Geddes | ” | 1818-1820 | ||
| Thomas Bennett | ” | 1820-1822 | ||
| John L. Wilson | ” | 1822-1824 | ||
| Richard I. Manning | ” | 1824-1826 | ||
| John Taylor | ” | 1826-1828 | ||
| Stephen D. Miller | Democrat | 1828-1830 | ||
| James Hamilton, jun. | ” | 1830-1832 | ||
| Robert Y. Hayne | ” | 1832-1834 | ||
| George McDuffie | ” | 1834-1836 | ||
| Pierce M. Butler | ” | 1836-1838 | ||
| Patrick Noble | ” | 1838-1840 | ||
| B. K. Henegan (acting) | ” | 1840 | ||
| John P. Richardson | ” | 1840-1842 | ||
| James H. Hammond | ” | 1842-1844 | ||
| William Aiken | ” | 1844-1846 | ||
| David Johnson | ” | 1846-1848 | ||
| Whitemarsh B. Seabrook | ” | 1848-1850 | ||
| John H. Means | ” | 1850-1852 | ||
| John L. Manning | ” | 1852-1854 | ||
| James H. Adams | ” | 1854-1856 | ||
| Robert F. W. Allston | ” | 1856-1858 | ||
| William H. Gist | ” | 1858-1860 | ||
| Francis W. Pickens | ” | 1860-1862 | ||
| Milledge L. Bonham | ” | 1862-1864 | ||
| Andrew G. McGrath | ” | 1864-1865 | ||
| Benjamin F. Perry (provisional) | ” | 1865 | ||
| James L. Orr | Conservative | 1865-1868 | ||
| Gen. Edward R. S. Canby | (military governor) | 1868- | ||
| Robert K. Scott | Republican | 1868-1872 | ||
| Franklin J. Moses, jun. | ” | 1872-1874 | ||
| Daniel H. Chamberlain | ” | 1874-1876 | ||
| Wade Hampton | Democrat | 1876-1879 | ||
| William D. Simpson (acting) | ” | 1879-1880 | ||
| Thomas D. Jeter (acting) | ” | 1880 | ||
| Johnson Hagood | ” | 1880-1882 | ||
| Hugh S. Thompson | ” | 1882-1886 | ||
| John C. Sheppard (acting) | ” | 1886 | ||
| John P. Richardson | ” | 1886-1890 | ||
| Benjamin R. Tillman | ” | 1890-1894 | ||
| John G. Evans | ” | 1894-1897 | ||
| William H. Ellerbe | ” | 1897-1899 | ||
| Miles B. McSweeney | ” | 1899-1903 | ||
| Duncan C. Heyward | ” | 1903-1907 | ||
| Martin F. Ansel | ” | 1907-1911 | ||
| Coleman L. Blease | ” | 1911- | ||
Bibliography—For general description see Michael Tuomey, Report on the Geology of South Carolina (Columbia, 1848); the Handbook of South Carolina; Resources, Institutions, and Industries of the State, published by the State Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Immigration (Columbia, 1907; 2nd ed., 1908); the Annual Reports (1904 seq.) of the same department and its other publications; and W. G. Simms, Geography of South Carolina (Charleston, 1843). For administration see D. D. Wallace, The Civil Government of South Carolina (Dallas, 1906); E. L. Whitney, Government of the Colony of South Carolina, in Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. xiii. (Baltimore, 1895); B. J. Ramage, Local Government and Free Schools in South Carolina, in Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. i. No. 12 (Baltimore, 1883); Colyer Meriwether, History of Higher Education in South Carolina (Washington, 1889), in Circulars of Information of the United States Bureau of Education, No. 3. There is no general history of South Carolina. The standard work for the colonial period is Edward McCrady's The History of South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, 1670-1719 (New York, 1897) and his History of South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (ibid. 1899), which are accurate and interesting, but neglect the manuscript sources at Columbia. Older histories are Alexander Hewatt, Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia (London, 1779), freely used by later writers; David Ramsay, History of South Carolina (2 vols., Charleston, 1809), little more than a reprint, without acknowledgments, of Hewatt; and William J. Rivers, Sketch of the History of South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary Government, 1719 (Charleston, 1856), which was utilized by McCrady in his first volume and was the first history of the colony based on the documents in the Public Records Office. See also E. L. Whitney, “Bibliography of the Colonial History of South Carolina,” in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1894 (Washington, 1895). More distinctly legal and political in character are three doctors' monographs: Edson L. Whitney, Government of the Colony of South Carolina (Baltimore, 1895), based too exclusively on the statutes; D. D. Wallace, Constitutional History of South Carolina from 1725 to 1775 (Abbeville, S. C., 1899; new ed., 1908), a very brief summary; and W. Roy Smith, South Carolina as a Royal Province, 1719-1776 (New York, 1903), based on the manuscript sources at Columbia. The standard work for the War of Independence is Edward McCrady, The History
