NO. 2
��TAKELMAN, KALAPUYAN, AND CHINOOKAN LEXICOGRAPHY
��179
��and the work on Kalapuya is in such a prelimi- nary stage, that it seems highly desirable to be cautious and not to jump at any too hasty conclusions. But, the resemblances that have been observed thus far are so striking, and their bearing upon a general revision of our present classification of the languages of California and Oregon so important, that I feel justified in presenting these correspondences, deferring a conclusive discussion until all evidence has been carefully analyzed and critically sifted. In view of the fact that only nineteen lexical correspondences have thus far been observed between Kalapuya and Chinook, while a com- parison of Kalapuya and Takelma lexicog- raphy has yielded not less than fifty-five agreements, a discussion of phonetic shifts will be confined to only these two languages.
��PHONOLOGY l
Pending the presentation of additional com- parative data, no attempt will be made to es- tablish probable vocalic shifts in these two languages. The vocalic systems of Kalapuya and Takelma differ but slightly. The charac- teristic umlauted w-vowel and diphthongs of Takelma are missing in Kalapuya where, how- ever, we meet with an umlauted o-vowel and di-diphthong. In the consonantic systems of the two languages we find close correspond- ences on one hand, and marked disagreements on the other hand, which would seem to place Kalapuya, phonetically at least, midway be- tween the vocalic, musical languages of the south and the consonantic, harsh languages of the north. Thus, the surd lateral (L) is missing in both, while its spirant equivalent (1) occurs rarely. Similarly, the alveolar and palatal spirants (c, y) are lacking in both, and both languages show a constant variation between
1 My phonetic transcription of Kalapuya sounds agrees in main with the recommendations made by the committee of the American Anthropological Asso- ciation. No changes, however, were made in the transcription of the Takelma and Chinook words.
��5 and palatized 5 ($). Furthermore, the oc- currence of aspirated surds (p 1 , t' , k') is ex- ceedingly common in both languages. On the other hand, the Takelma consonantic system is characterized by the absence of velar sounds (q, q!) , both of which occur in Kalapuya ; and it lacks the labial spirant (/), the mid-patatal spirant (x), the anterior palatal surd (k), the linguo-dental surd () , and the long (doubled) laterals and nasals (/, wr, ), all of which are found in Kalapuya. Consonantic clusters oc- cur in both languages, but they are greatly limited in numbers and can hardly be consid- ered difficult.
Turning now to the question of possible pho- netic shifts the following changes have been observed to occur with a marked degree of reg- ularity:
Takelma 2 b is represented in Kalapuya by p, regardless of position. (In one instance a Takelma b in medial position would seem to correspond to a Kalapuya m. cf. T. tlibisT' ANT; K. tlmois, ANT). Examples :
T. beyan-, DAUGHTER; K. pi'ne, GIRL T. b6p', ALDER; K. pu'p', ALDER T. de e b-, TO ARISE; K. tap-, TO STAND
Takelma d corresponds to a Kalapuya t, regardless of position. Examples:
T. t'a'd-, MATERNAL AUNT; K. tat', MATERNAL AUNT
T. o u d-, TO LOOK FOR; K. ot- . . . kwa', TO
LOOK FOR
T. do u m, SPIDER; K. to', SPIDER T. dan, ROCK; K. ta' ROCK
Takelma g is represented in Kalapuya by g, 9., k or &. Examples:
T. t'gwala'*, OWL; K. du'gulhu', OWL
T. t'gam, ELK; K. tqa", ELK
T. naga-, TO SAY; K. nak'-TO SAY
T. ga"m, TWO; K. ke'ma', TWO
1 The Takelma forms are quoted from Sapir's, "The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon," extract from Handbook of American Indian Languages (BBAE, 40, part 2).
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