International Journal of American Linguistics
��Volume i
��August, 1918
��Number 3
��PENOBSCOT TRANSFORMER TALES By FRANK G. SPECK DICTATED BY NEWELL LION
INTRODUCTION
��THE following material is part of a col- lection of mythological texts obtained from Newell Lion of the Penobscot tribe, at Oldtown, Me. After devoting parts of sev- eral years prior to 1910 to a general study of Penobscot ethnology, I fortunately joined forces with Mr. Lion, who through a life-long interest in his native literature, has become a sort of raconteur among the Indians. Our combined labors then narrowed down to a study of linguistics and mythology. I am glad to pay him well-deserved tribute by stating that he has shown the interest and natural ability of a scholar in our common work. Discounting the fact that he himself ranks as the principal informant among the older men, he was wise enough to consult other old people for corroborative and supple- mentary material. Consequently I feel quite safe in presenting this version of the trans- former trickster-cycle as being fairly complete and typical so far as the Penobscot are con- cerned.
No previous attempt has been made to record texts in the Penobscot language, although Professor Prince has recorded some short texts in its near relative, Passama-
1 J. D. Prince, The Differentiation Between the Penobscot and the Canadian Abenaki Dialects (A A 4 [1902] : 17-32).
1 Penobscot, Gluskq'be; Wawenock, Gluskq'be; Pas- samaquoddy, Malecite, and Micmac, Glu'skap.
- S. T. Rand, Legends of the Micmacs (New York
and London, 1894); F. G. Speck, "Some Micmac Tales from Cape Breton Island" (J A F L 28 : 59-69).
4 W. H. Mechling, Malecite Tales (G S Can, Anthro- pological Series, No. 4); E. Jack, Maliseet Legends (J A F L 8 [1895]); and F. G. Speck, Some Malecite Tales (J A F L 30 [1917])-
��' quoddy, and has occasionally remarked in comparison on characteristics of Penobscot grammar. 1
In the versions of eastern Indian myths given by the authors, there is, however, an undertone of untrue if not inferior reconcep- tion, which takes away the smack of origi- nality that every reader feels the true exam- ples of native oral literature should possess. This is unfortunately the case with all the hitherto published material from this region. Without exception, it has been interpreted and rendered in an altered form. Irrespon- sibility for the intrinsic worth of the original must pass by before primitive literature is free to make its own appeal to the interest of stu- dents.
Among the tribes forming the Wabanaki, or north-eastern Algonkian group, the mythi- cal personage known as the "Deceiver" 2 fig- ures pre-eminently in the r61e of the transform- er-trickster. Already a number of published versions of the hero-myth are available from the Micmac, 3 the Malecite, 4 and the Passama- quoddy, 6 although the myths of the last- named people are not presented objectively enough nor recorded critically enough to be of much value for comparison. Incidentally I have also prepared another set, in text form, from the Wawenock. 6 Accordingly, when
6 C. G. Leland, Algonquin Legends of New England, or Myths and Folk-Lore of the Micmac, Passama- quoddy and Penobscot Tribes (Boston, 1884); C. G. Leland and J. D. Prince, Kuloscap The Master and Other Algonkin Poems (New York and London, 1902).
6 This small tribe formed a division intermediate in dialect between the Penobscot and Aroosaguntacook (St. Francis Abenaki), formerly living southwest of Penobscot Bay, and now settled at Becancour, P. Q.
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