on tracts along the St. Lawrence. A considerable part of the present population of Ontario is descended from these pioneers. In 1784 the total white population of the Province of Ontario did not exceed 20,000. A well known writer says “The event of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, so praised in prose and verse, was a holiday excursion compared with the arrival of the expatriated Loyalists.”
Adonis (a-dō′nis), a very beautiful youth celebrated in Greek mythology. The goddess Venus loved him for his beauty, and hid him in a chest, which she intrusted to Proserpine, the goddess of the lower world. A dispute arose between them for his possession, and Jupiter decided that each should enjoy his presence for half the year. Adonis was fond of hunting, and was finally killed by a wild boar in the forests of Ida. The bitter lament of Venus for his loss moved the gods to permit the youth to return to the upper world for six months in every year. A yearly festival in honor of Adonis was given in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and consisted of two parts—a mourning for his departure to the underworld, and a rejoicing for his return to Venus. Adonis is believed to be the sun, and his stay in the upper and lower worlds to represent the changes of winter and summer.
Adrian (ā′drĭ-an), the name of six popes. Adrian IV, the only English pope, was named Nicholas Breakspeare. He left England a poor man, went to Paris, became an ardent student, and was soon known for his learning and zeal. He was chosen abbot, then cardinal, and lastly pope in 1154. He was vigorous in maintaining his authority at Rome and throughout Europe. He died in Italy in 1159.
Adrian, a town, the county seat of Lenawee County, Mich., on the Raisin River, and on the Wabash, Lake Shore, Detroit Southern and Toledo, Adrian & Jackson Railways, 32 miles from Toledo, Ohio, and 60 miles southwest of Detroit. It is the seat of Adrian College (Meth. Prot.), the State Industrial Home for Girls, and St. Joseph’s R. C. Hospital and Academy. It has a considerable agricultural trade and many important manufactures, piano and organ factories, steel and electrical works, a state and savings banks and daily and weekly newspapers. Population, 10,763.
Adriano′ple (ăd-ri-an-ō′pl), meaning the city of Hadrian, is a city of European Turkey. It is next to Constantinople in importance, though not in population. The streets are narrow, crooked and filthy; its ancient citadel and the walls which formerly surrounded the town are now in ruins. It was called Uskadama till renamed by the Emperor Hadrian. In 1360 it was captured by the Turks, who made it their capital for almost a hundred years, or until they came into possession of Constantinople. It has also been twice taken by the Russians, in 1829 and in 1878. Population, 83,000.
Adriatic (a-dri-ă′tic) Sea, is an arm of the Mediterranean, which separates Italy from Trieste, Croatia, Dalmatia and Albania. Its greatest length is 450 miles and its mean breadth 90 miles. The Po is the most important river flowing into the Adriatic Sea, and the chief cities bordering it are Venice, Trieste, Ancona and Brindisi. In 1177 Venice gained a victory on the Adriatic over Otho, the son of Frederick Barbarossa, whereupon the pope gave the doge a ring and instituted the famous ceremony of marrying the Adriatic.
Adul′tera′tion of Foods, any changing of a food for the purpose of deceiving the purchaser. The term includes, for example, the mixing of cheaper substances with the food so as to increase the amount of profit from its sale, the mixing in of preservatives and materials calculated to improve the appearance of partly spoiled food, the extraction of cream from milk, etc.
The practice is, no doubt, as old as trade, and has frequently been legislated against by all civilized countries. At the present time the laws against it throughout the greater part of Europe are stringent and usually enforced. The laws in the United States concerning adulteration are carefully drawn, but it has not always been possible to enforce them. Recently a law of national scope has been passed, which requires that the wrapper of any food shall have upon it a statement of the exact contents, including preservatives.
Ad′verb (Latin adverbium, from ad, to + verbum, word, verb). In grammar, an adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It is essentially “the word” of a sentence, and has a number of functions, in showing how, where and when a given action is performed, besides its general use as a modifier. Adverbs are classed as follows: (1) those of place, used in answering the questions Where? Whence? Whither? Of these the following are some examples: here, there, when, forth, far, etc; (2) those of time, answering questions When? How often? How long? Ex: once, ago, always, seldom, now, then, etc.; (3) those of manner, answering the question How? Ex: then, so, how, well, fast, chiefly, wholly, slowly, etc. Many of this class are derived from adjectives by adding ly; (4) those of degree, answering the question How much? Ex: less, least, enough, more, most, scarcely, etc.; (5) those of cause, answering the question Why? Ex: hence, wherefore, therefore, consequently, accordingly, etc. When used to ask questions, these adverbs of the various classes are termed interrogative adverbs. The words soon, away,
